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Insu L.
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  1. confined
    not free to move about
    Some folks argue for Bernard King, but he was smaller and had more confined scoring areas than Anthony.
    The term "confined conditions" is the opposite of "free conditions"
    Work on a long stream of air under the teeth on the F
    conFFFFFFined
    (memory trick: the teeth confine the lower lip)
  2. react
    show a response to something
    Confined reacting turbulent jets / are widely employed / in industrial furnaces. (4 stresses in the 1st group) / 2 stresses in the 2nd/ 2 stresses in the 3rd
  3. turbulent
    characterized by unrest or disorder or insubordination
    Confined reacting turbulent jets are widely employed in industrial furnaces.
  4. employ
    put into service
    Confined reacting turbulent jets are widely employed in industrial furnaces. /pl/ practice Play, pluck, complain, employ (memory trick: just lip-lip, the teeth can't be employed)
  5. industrial
    of or relating to commercial enterprise
    Confined reacting turbulent jets are widely employed in industrial furnaces.
  6. flame
    combustion of materials producing heat and light and smoke
    The flame pattern / and emissions / of confined turbulent jet flames / are influenced / on the jet interaction / and mixing. audio sample: https://docs.google.com/a/umich.edu/file/d/0B5I7Ltj9ciSRVlg4NFQwZGlrSG8/edit
  7. pattern
    a repeated design, structure, or arrangement
    The flame pattern and emissions of confined turbulent jet flames are influenced on the jet interaction and mixing.
  8. emission
    the act of causing to flow forth
    The flame pattern and emissions of confined turbulent jet flames are influenced on the jet interaction and mixing.
  9. influence
    a power to affect persons or events
    The flame pattern and emissions of confined turbulent jet flames are influenced on the jet interaction and mixing.
  10. interaction
    mutual or reciprocal dealings or influence
    The flame pattern and emissions of confined turbulent jet flames are influenced on the jet interaction and mixing.
  11. investigation
    an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities
    This paper / presents the results / of an experimental investigation / of mixing characteristics / and the resulting chemical composition / in a confined, / non-reacting turbulent jet.
  12. characteristic
    typical or distinctive
    This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of mixing characteristics and the resulting chemical composition in a confined, non-reacting turbulent jet.
  13. chemical
    produced by reactions involving atomic or molecular changes
    This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of mixing characteristics and the resulting chemical composition in a confined, non-reacting turbulent jet.
  14. composition
    the way in which someone or something is put together
    This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of mixing characteristics and the resulting chemical composition in a confined, non-reacting turbulent jet.
  15. understanding
    the condition of someone who knows and comprehends
    This is a first step toward understanding confined reacting jets.
  16. experiment
    the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation
    The experiments are designed to simulate exhaust flow as co-flow from 1 to 10 MMBtu industrial-scale burners.
  17. design
    the act of working out the form of something
    The experiments are designed to simulate exhaust flow as co-flow from 1 to 10 MMBtu industrial-scale burners.
  18. simulate
    reproduce someone's behavior or looks
    The experiments are designed to simulate exhaust flow as co-flow from 1 to 10 MMBtu industrial-scale burners.
  19. exhaust
    wear out completely
    The experiments are designed to simulate exhaust flow as co-flow from 1 to 10 MMBtu industrial-scale burners.
  20. scale
    an ordered reference standard
    The experiments are designed to simulate exhaust flow as co-flow from 1 to 10 MMBtu industrial-scale burners.
  21. apparatus
    equipment designed to serve a specific function
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  22. consist
    have its essential character
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  23. vertical
    at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  24. slight
    small in quantity or degree
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  25. velocity
    distance traveled per unit time in one direction
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  26. ranging
    wandering freely
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  27. ambient
    completely enveloping
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  28. temperature
    the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  29. contain
    hold or have within
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  30. nozzle
    a projecting spout from which a fluid is discharged
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  31. center
    an area that is in the middle of some larger region
    The apparatus consists of: (i) a 2ft diameter 6ft long cylindrical vertical exhaust duct that carries 328.15K slight hot air at co-flow velocities ranging from 0.11 to 1.11 m/s; (ii) ambient temperature high velocity air jet containing a NO tracer gas is injected by a ¼ inch nozzle in the center of the vertical duct.
  32. profile
    an outline of something, especially a face from the side
    Temperature, composition and velocity profile measurements are made along the length of the jet to determine the extent of entrainment and the dilution of the jet fluid as a function of the co-flow and jet flow velocities.
  33. measurement
    assigning numbers to phenomena according to a rule
    Temperature, composition and velocity profile measurements are made along the length of the jet to determine the extent of entrainment and the dilution of the jet fluid as a function of the co-flow and jet flow velocities.
  34. length
    the linear extent in space from one end to the other
    Temperature, composition and velocity profile measurements are made along the length of the jet to determine the extent of entrainment and the dilution of the jet fluid as a function of the co-flow and jet flow velocities.
  35. determine
    find out or learn with certainty, as by making an inquiry
    Temperature, composition and velocity profile measurements are made along the length of the jet to determine the extent of entrainment and the dilution of the jet fluid as a function of the co-flow and jet flow velocities.
  36. extent
    the point or degree to which something extends
    Temperature, composition and velocity profile measurements are made along the length of the jet to determine the extent of entrainment and the dilution of the jet fluid as a function of the co-flow and jet flow velocities.
  37. fluid
    continuous amorphous matter that tends to flow
    Temperature, composition and velocity profile measurements are made along the length of the jet to determine the extent of entrainment and the dilution of the jet fluid as a function of the co-flow and jet flow velocities.
  38. function
    what something is used for
    Temperature, composition and velocity profile measurements are made along the length of the jet to determine the extent of entrainment and the dilution of the jet fluid as a function of the co-flow and jet flow velocities.
  39. collection
    the act of gathering something together
    These measurements will help determine the diameter of the collection duct and its distance from the injection nozzle.
  40. comparison
    the act of examining resemblances
    By comparison of the entrainment rate in free and confined jet, it is found that the confinement effect becomes more prominent as the co-flow velocity is reduced and the jet velocity is increased.
  41. confinement
    the state of being enclosed
    By comparison of the entrainment rate in free and confined jet, it is found that the confinement effect becomes more prominent as the co-flow velocity is reduced and the jet velocity is increased.
  42. effect
    a phenomenon that is caused by some previous phenomenon
    By comparison of the entrainment rate in free and confined jet, it is found that the confinement effect becomes more prominent as the co-flow velocity is reduced and the jet velocity is increased.
  43. prominent
    conspicuous in position or importance
    By comparison of the entrainment rate in free and confined jet, it is found that the confinement effect becomes more prominent as the co-flow velocity is reduced and the jet velocity is increased.
  44. increase
    a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous
    By comparison of the entrainment rate in free and confined jet, it is found that the confinement effect becomes more prominent as the co-flow velocity is reduced and the jet velocity is increased.
  45. essentially
    at bottom or by something's very nature
    Essentially, as the entrained jet mass flow rate approaches the exhaust duct mass flow rate, the jet expands to the exhaust duct boundary.
  46. approach
    move towards
    Essentially, as the entrained jet mass flow rate approaches the exhaust duct mass flow rate, the jet expands to the exhaust duct boundary.
  47. expand
    extend in one or more directions
    Essentially, as the entrained jet mass flow rate approaches the exhaust duct mass flow rate, the jet expands to the exhaust duct boundary.
  48. boundary
    the line indicating the limit or extent of something
    Essentially, as the entrained jet mass flow rate approaches the exhaust duct mass flow rate, the jet expands to the exhaust duct boundary.
  49. provide
    give something useful or necessary to
    These results provide fundamental information on entrainment in confined jets used in industry 1.
  50. fundamental
    serving as an essential component
    These results provide fundamental information on entrainment in confined jets used in industry 1.
  51. industry
    the action of making of goods and services for sale
    These results provide fundamental information on entrainment in confined jets used in industry 1.
  52. receive
    get something; come into possession of
    Exhaust(or Flue) gas recirculation system has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to reduce both fuel consumption and mainly NOx emissions compared to normal combustion.
  53. attention
    the act of concentrating on something
    Exhaust(or Flue) gas recirculation system has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to reduce both fuel consumption and mainly NOx emissions compared to normal combustion.
  54. recent
    of the immediate past or just previous to the present time
    Exhaust(or Flue) gas recirculation system has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to reduce both fuel consumption and mainly NOx emissions compared to normal combustion.
  55. ability
    the quality of having the means or skills to do something
    Exhaust(or Flue) gas recirculation system has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to reduce both fuel consumption and mainly NOx emissions compared to normal combustion.
  56. fuel
    a substance that can be consumed to produce energy
    Exhaust(or Flue) gas recirculation system has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to reduce both fuel consumption and mainly NOx emissions compared to normal combustion.
  57. consumption
    the act of using something up
    Exhaust(or Flue) gas recirculation system has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to reduce both fuel consumption and mainly NOx emissions compared to normal combustion.
  58. compare
    examine and note the similarities or differences of
    Exhaust(or Flue) gas recirculation system has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to reduce both fuel consumption and mainly NOx emissions compared to normal combustion.
  59. normal
    being approximately average or within certain limits
    Exhaust(or Flue) gas recirculation system has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to reduce both fuel consumption and mainly NOx emissions compared to normal combustion.
  60. combustion
    a reaction of a substance with oxygen to give heat and light
    Exhaust(or Flue) gas recirculation system has received much attention in recent years due to its ability to reduce both fuel consumption and mainly NOx emissions compared to normal combustion.
  61. internal
    located inward
    Although the recirculation of exhaust gas causes to lower temperature, Internal Exhaust Gas Recirculation (IEGR) has been found to be the most effective technique in controlling NOx emissions [1].
  62. effective
    producing or capable of producing an intended result
    Although the recirculation of exhaust gas causes to lower temperature, Internal Exhaust Gas Recirculation (IEGR) has been found to be the most effective technique in controlling NOx emissions [1].
  63. technique
    a practical method or art applied to some particular task
    Although the recirculation of exhaust gas causes to lower temperature, Internal Exhaust Gas Recirculation (IEGR) has been found to be the most effective technique in controlling NOx emissions [1].
  64. control
    power to direct or determine
    Although the recirculation of exhaust gas causes to lower temperature, Internal Exhaust Gas Recirculation (IEGR) has been found to be the most effective technique in controlling NOx emissions [1].
  65. analysis
    abstract separation of something into its various parts
    Therefore, the analysis of fluid information inside EGR or FGR will be needed for finding optimal point of FGR.
  66. optimal
    most desirable possible under a restriction
    Therefore, the analysis of fluid information inside EGR or FGR will be needed for finding optimal point of FGR.
  67. numerical
    of or relating to or denoting numerals
    This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation of mixing characteristics and the resulting chemical composition of a confined, non-reacting turbulent jet inside the EGR through adding NO tracer gas.
  68. standard
    a basis for comparison
    However, the used test apparatus for the paper is different to the standard EGR system.
  69. compress
    squeeze or push together
    Our EGR system adds compressed air jet into duct (EGR) for making better efficiency.
  70. efficiency
    skillfulness in avoiding wasted time and effort
    Our EGR system adds compressed air jet into duct (EGR) for making better efficiency.
  71. future
    the time yet to come
    In the future, the compressed air jet will be replaced by oxygen jet for making oxygen rich combustion with EGR inside the combustor.
  72. replace
    put something back where it belongs
    In the future, the compressed air jet will be replaced by oxygen jet for making oxygen rich combustion with EGR inside the combustor.
  73. momentum
    the product of a body's mass and its velocity
    The compressed air with NO tracer gas is injected with high momentum through a nozzle inside the duct.
  74. distribution
    the act of spreading or apportioning
    As a result, the mixing distribution of the gas before entering the combustor strongly depends on the jet interaction between high velocity air jet and hot air to be simulated as exhaust gas under this configuration.
  75. depend
    be determined by something else
    As a result, the mixing distribution of the gas before entering the combustor strongly depends on the jet interaction between high velocity air jet and hot air to be simulated as exhaust gas under this configuration.
  76. simulated
    reproduced or made to resemble; imitative in character
    As a result, the mixing distribution of the gas before entering the combustor strongly depends on the jet interaction between high velocity air jet and hot air to be simulated as exhaust gas under this configuration.
  77. configuration
    an arrangement of parts or elements
    As a result, the mixing distribution of the gas before entering the combustor strongly depends on the jet interaction between high velocity air jet and hot air to be simulated as exhaust gas under this configuration.
  78. essential
    basic and fundamental
    Therefore, it is essential to find the mutual interaction of jets from the practical point of view.
  79. mutual
    common to or shared by two or more parties
    Therefore, it is essential to find the mutual interaction of jets from the practical point of view.
  80. practical
    guided by experience and observation rather than theory
    Therefore, it is essential to find the mutual interaction of jets from the practical point of view.
  81. point of view
    a mental position from which things are perceived
    Therefore, it is essential to find the mutual interaction of jets from the practical point of view.
  82. condition
    a mode of being or form of existence of a person or thing
    The essential conditions for achieving quickly uniform gas redistribution inside FGR are the injection of air jet with high momentum and the high recirculation of hot air.
  83. achieve
    gain with effort
    The essential conditions for achieving quickly uniform gas redistribution inside FGR are the injection of air jet with high momentum and the high recirculation of hot air.
  84. redistribution
    dispersing again
    The essential conditions for achieving quickly uniform gas redistribution inside FGR are the injection of air jet with high momentum and the high recirculation of hot air.
  85. previous
    just preceding something else in time or order
    Some results from previous research about free turbulent jet flow may be useful.
  86. research
    a seeking for knowledge
    Some results from previous research about free turbulent jet flow may be useful.
  87. current
    occurring in or belonging to the present time
    However, the current system is the same as confined turbulent jet with co-flow.
  88. application
    the action of putting something into operation
    Confined jet flows have many applications and the practical importance for designing pumps, ejectors, combustion chambers and tanks.
  89. significant
    rich in implication
    It shows that there are significant differences between confined turbulent jet and free turbulent jet flow because of the existence of recirculating flow or back flow entrained by the jet in the previous studies.
  90. difference
    the quality of being unlike or dissimilar
    It shows that there are significant differences between confined turbulent jet and free turbulent jet flow because of the existence of recirculating flow or back flow entrained by the jet in the previous studies.
  91. existence
    the state or fact of being
    It shows that there are significant differences between confined turbulent jet and free turbulent jet flow because of the existence of recirculating flow or back flow entrained by the jet in the previous studies.
  92. conserve
    keep in safety and protect from harm, loss, or destruction
    Also, the mixing and entrainment of the confined jet is different from free jets because the momentum in confined jet is not conserved and the adverse pressure gradient is generated by the confinement.
  93. adverse
    in an opposing direction
    Also, the mixing and entrainment of the confined jet is different from free jets because the momentum in confined jet is not conserved and the adverse pressure gradient is generated by the confinement.
  94. pressure
    the act of putting pressure on something
    Also, the mixing and entrainment of the confined jet is different from free jets because the momentum in confined jet is not conserved and the adverse pressure gradient is generated by the confinement.
  95. gradient
    a graded change in the magnitude of something
    Also, the mixing and entrainment of the confined jet is different from free jets because the momentum in confined jet is not conserved and the adverse pressure gradient is generated by the confinement.
  96. generate
    bring into existence
    Also, the mixing and entrainment of the confined jet is different from free jets because the momentum in confined jet is not conserved and the adverse pressure gradient is generated by the confinement.
  97. numerous
    amounting to a large indefinite number
    Although numerous and experimental works on a single turbulent jet are available in the literature, very few investigations have been conducted on the flow structure and passive scalar transport of confined turbulent jet with co-flow.
  98. available
    obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service
    Although numerous and experimental works on a single turbulent jet are available in the literature, very few investigations have been conducted on the flow structure and passive scalar transport of confined turbulent jet with co-flow.
  99. literature
    writings in a particular style on a particular subject
    Although numerous and experimental works on a single turbulent jet are available in the literature, very few investigations have been conducted on the flow structure and passive scalar transport of confined turbulent jet with co-flow.
  100. conduct
    the way a person behaves toward other people
    Although numerous and experimental works on a single turbulent jet are available in the literature, very few investigations have been conducted on the flow structure and passive scalar transport of confined turbulent jet with co-flow.
  101. structure
    a complex entity made of many parts
    Although numerous and experimental works on a single turbulent jet are available in the literature, very few investigations have been conducted on the flow structure and passive scalar transport of confined turbulent jet with co-flow.
  102. passive
    lacking in energy or will
    Although numerous and experimental works on a single turbulent jet are available in the literature, very few investigations have been conducted on the flow structure and passive scalar transport of confined turbulent jet with co-flow.
  103. transport
    move something or somebody around
    Although numerous and experimental works on a single turbulent jet are available in the literature, very few investigations have been conducted on the flow structure and passive scalar transport of confined turbulent jet with co-flow.
  104. complicated
    difficult to analyze or understand
    This is due to the complicated characteristics of the confined turbulent jet with co-flow while considerable experimental and numerical efforts have been investigated on the study of turbulent jets issuing into a free environment.
  105. considerable
    large in number, amount, extent, or degree
    This is due to the complicated characteristics of the confined turbulent jet with co-flow while considerable experimental and numerical efforts have been investigated on the study of turbulent jets issuing into a free environment.
  106. effort
    use of physical or mental energy; hard work
    This is due to the complicated characteristics of the confined turbulent jet with co-flow while considerable experimental and numerical efforts have been investigated on the study of turbulent jets issuing into a free environment.
  107. investigate
    conduct an inquiry of
    This is due to the complicated characteristics of the confined turbulent jet with co-flow while considerable experimental and numerical efforts have been investigated on the study of turbulent jets issuing into a free environment.
  108. issue
    some situation or event that is thought about
    This is due to the complicated characteristics of the confined turbulent jet with co-flow while considerable experimental and numerical efforts have been investigated on the study of turbulent jets issuing into a free environment.
  109. environment
    the totality of surrounding conditions
    This is due to the complicated characteristics of the confined turbulent jet with co-flow while considerable experimental and numerical efforts have been investigated on the study of turbulent jets issuing into a free environment.
  110. studied
    produced or marked by conscious design or premeditation
    Thring et al.[2] studied first confined turbulent jet through defining the similitude parameter for analyzing the recirculation in the duct.
  111. defining
    the process of determining the form or meaning of something
    Thring et al.[2] studied first confined turbulent jet through defining the similitude parameter for analyzing the recirculation in the duct.
  112. analyze
    break down into components or essential features
    Thring et al.[2] studied first confined turbulent jet through defining the similitude parameter for analyzing the recirculation in the duct.
  113. similarity
    the quality of being alike
    To make the similarity parameter, it is assumed that the entrainment and mass flow rate between the nozzle and the duct are identical to free jet flow.
  114. assume
    take to be the case or to be true
    To make the similarity parameter, it is assumed that the entrainment and mass flow rate between the nozzle and the duct are identical to free jet flow.
  115. identical
    being the exact same one
    To make the similarity parameter, it is assumed that the entrainment and mass flow rate between the nozzle and the duct are identical to free jet flow.
  116. propose
    present for consideration, examination, or criticism
    Craya and Curtet[3][4] proposed the Craya-Curtet number(Ct) through analyzing the theory of isothermal, incompressible confined jet flow.
  117. theory
    a belief that can guide behavior
    Craya and Curtet[3][4] proposed the Craya-Curtet number(Ct) through analyzing the theory of isothermal, incompressible confined jet flow.
  118. figure
    alternate name for the body of a human being
    Figure 1.
  119. explanation
    making something understandable
    Flow configuration for the explanation of equation[16] (1)
  120. equation
    a mathematical statement that two expressions are the same
    Flow configuration for the explanation of equation[16] (1)
  121. derived
    formed or developed from something else; not original
    The Craya-Curtet number is derived from the integrals of mass and momentum across the inlet plane for a uniform density confined jets.
  122. integral
    existing as an essential constituent or characteristic
    The Craya-Curtet number is derived from the integrals of mass and momentum across the inlet plane for a uniform density confined jets.
  123. density
    the amount per unit size
    The Craya-Curtet number is derived from the integrals of mass and momentum across the inlet plane for a uniform density confined jets.
  124. define
    show the form or outline of
    It is defined as the ratio of the jet momentum to the co-flow jet momentum.
  125. ratio
    relation with respect to comparative quantity or magnitude
    It is defined as the ratio of the jet momentum to the co-flow jet momentum.
  126. indicator
    a device for showing the operating condition of some system
    This Craya-Curtet number is the indicator of the onset of the recirculation under certain flow conditions.
  127. onset
    the beginning or early stages
    This Craya-Curtet number is the indicator of the onset of the recirculation under certain flow conditions.
  128. considered
    carefully weighed
    If Ct is 0, it is considered as the total recirculation in this case.
  129. progress
    the act of moving forward, as toward a goal
    Curtet and Ricou[5] progressed experimental work of the isothermally axis-symmetric confined jets to verify the theoretical approach of the Craya-Curtet number.
  130. verify
    confirm the truth of
    Curtet and Ricou[5] progressed experimental work of the isothermally axis-symmetric confined jets to verify the theoretical approach of the Craya-Curtet number.
  131. theoretical
    concerned with hypotheses and not practical considerations
    Curtet and Ricou[5] progressed experimental work of the isothermally axis-symmetric confined jets to verify the theoretical approach of the Craya-Curtet number.
  132. constant
    uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing
    The experimental studies by Becker et al.[6] have shown that the flow and mixing characteristics of constant-density confined jets(the only functions of the Craya-Curtet number) measure mean velocity and concentration to be used in light scattering methods developed by Rosensweig.
  133. measure
    determine the dimensions of something or somebody
    The experimental studies by Becker et al.[6] have shown that the flow and mixing characteristics of constant-density confined jets(the only functions of the Craya-Curtet number) measure mean velocity and concentration to be used in light scattering methods developed by Rosensweig.
  134. concentration
    the spatial property of being crowded together
    The experimental studies by Becker et al.[6] have shown that the flow and mixing characteristics of constant-density confined jets(the only functions of the Craya-Curtet number) measure mean velocity and concentration to be used in light scattering methods developed by Rosensweig.
  135. scatter
    cause to separate and go in different directions
    The experimental studies by Becker et al.[6] have shown that the flow and mixing characteristics of constant-density confined jets(the only functions of the Craya-Curtet number) measure mean velocity and concentration to be used in light scattering methods developed by Rosensweig.
  136. method
    a way of doing something, especially a systematic way
    The experimental studies by Becker et al.[6] have shown that the flow and mixing characteristics of constant-density confined jets(the only functions of the Craya-Curtet number) measure mean velocity and concentration to be used in light scattering methods developed by Rosensweig.
  137. develop
    progress or evolve through a process of natural growth
    The experimental studies by Becker et al.[6] have shown that the flow and mixing characteristics of constant-density confined jets(the only functions of the Craya-Curtet number) measure mean velocity and concentration to be used in light scattering methods developed by Rosensweig.
  138. focused
    brought into sharp clarity
    Their investigations were directly focused on the phenomena of separation and recirculation in confined conditions.
  139. phenomenon
    any state or process known through the senses
    Their investigations were directly focused on the phenomena of separation and recirculation in confined conditions.
  140. introduce
    bring something new to an environment
    They introduced the kinematic mean velocity uk and dynamic mean velocity ud for understanding the physical meaning of the Craya-Curtet number as well as the theoretical calculations of concentration in confined turbulent jet fields.
  141. physical
    involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit
    They introduced the kinematic mean velocity uk and dynamic mean velocity ud for understanding the physical meaning of the Craya-Curtet number as well as the theoretical calculations of concentration in confined turbulent jet fields.
  142. meaning
    the message that is intended or expressed or signified
    They introduced the kinematic mean velocity uk and dynamic mean velocity ud for understanding the physical meaning of the Craya-Curtet number as well as the theoretical calculations of concentration in confined turbulent jet fields.
  143. characterize
    be typical of
    He defined the Hill parameter to characterize the flow by using specific initial conditions.
  144. specific
    stated explicitly or in detail
    He defined the Hill parameter to characterize the flow by using specific initial conditions.
  145. initial
    occurring at the beginning
    He defined the Hill parameter to characterize the flow by using specific initial conditions.
  146. estimate
    judge tentatively
    It found that the Craya-Curtet number and Hill parameter properly estimated the flow conditions in terms of specified inlet conditions.
  147. specified
    clearly and explicitly stated
    It found that the Craya-Curtet number and Hill parameter properly estimated the flow conditions in terms of specified inlet conditions.
  148. homogeneous
    all of the same or similar kind or nature
    Hill[8][9] estimated the characteristics of mean velocity field in an isothermal homogeneous-confined turbulent jet flow for jet mixing by different cross section areas through considering differential integral methods.
  149. cross
    a marking that consists of lines that intersect each other
    Hill[8][9] estimated the characteristics of mean velocity field in an isothermal homogeneous-confined turbulent jet flow for jet mixing by different cross section areas through considering differential integral methods.
  150. section
    one of several parts or pieces that fit with others
    Hill[8][9] estimated the characteristics of mean velocity field in an isothermal homogeneous-confined turbulent jet flow for jet mixing by different cross section areas through considering differential integral methods.
  151. area
    the extent of a two-dimensional surface within a boundary
    Hill[8][9] estimated the characteristics of mean velocity field in an isothermal homogeneous-confined turbulent jet flow for jet mixing by different cross section areas through considering differential integral methods.
  152. consider
    think about carefully; weigh
    Hill[8][9] estimated the characteristics of mean velocity field in an isothermal homogeneous-confined turbulent jet flow for jet mixing by different cross section areas through considering differential integral methods.
  153. differential
    a quality that distinguishes between similar things
    Hill[8][9] estimated the characteristics of mean velocity field in an isothermal homogeneous-confined turbulent jet flow for jet mixing by different cross section areas through considering differential integral methods.
  154. suggest
    make a proposal; declare a plan for something
    He suggested that the mean velocity profiles in self-preserving regions of the confined turbulent jets could be estimated from the results of circular free turbulent jet flow.
  155. preserve
    keep in safety and protect from harm, loss, or destruction
    He suggested that the mean velocity profiles in self-preserving regions of the confined turbulent jets could be estimated from the results of circular free turbulent jet flow.
  156. region
    the extended spatial location of something
    He suggested that the mean velocity profiles in self-preserving regions of the confined turbulent jets could be estimated from the results of circular free turbulent jet flow.
  157. zone
    an area or region distinguished from adjacent parts
    Barchilon et al.[10] show that the recirculation zone occurs in cylindrical ducts through measuring mean velocities, the variation of wall static pressures, the size of the recirculation zone in water flow as well as the root mean square values of the axial velocity fluctuation in air flow.
  158. occur
    come to pass
    Barchilon et al.[10] show that the recirculation zone occurs in cylindrical ducts through measuring mean velocities, the variation of wall static pressures, the size of the recirculation zone in water flow as well as the root mean square values of the axial velocity fluctuation in air flow.
  159. static
    not in physical motion
    Barchilon et al.[10] show that the recirculation zone occurs in cylindrical ducts through measuring mean velocities, the variation of wall static pressures, the size of the recirculation zone in water flow as well as the root mean square values of the axial velocity fluctuation in air flow.
  160. value
    the quality that renders something desirable
    Barchilon et al.[10] show that the recirculation zone occurs in cylindrical ducts through measuring mean velocities, the variation of wall static pressures, the size of the recirculation zone in water flow as well as the root mean square values of the axial velocity fluctuation in air flow.
  161. fluctuation
    an instance of change
    Barchilon et al.[10] show that the recirculation zone occurs in cylindrical ducts through measuring mean velocities, the variation of wall static pressures, the size of the recirculation zone in water flow as well as the root mean square values of the axial velocity fluctuation in air flow.
  162. relationship
    a mutual connection between people
    They studied the relationship between mixing characteristics and the Craya-Curtet number for verifying the effect of recirculation.
  163. stress
    special emphasis attached to something
    Razinsky et al.[14] measured the mean velocity, the variation of wall static pressure, root mean square values of the axial velocity fluctuation (turbulent velocity) and Reynolds stress in the water and air flow through changing velocities ratios and diameter ratios when the Craya-Curtet number was below 0.9.
  164. mechanism
    device consisting of a piece of machinery
    They showed the details of mixing mechanism in confined turbulent jet flow without separating conditions and its transition status to the fully developed confined jet flow.
  165. separate
    standing apart; not attached to or supported by anything
    They showed the details of mixing mechanism in confined turbulent jet flow without separating conditions and its transition status to the fully developed confined jet flow.
  166. transition
    the act of passing from one state or place to the next
    They showed the details of mixing mechanism in confined turbulent jet flow without separating conditions and its transition status to the fully developed confined jet flow.
  167. status
    the condition or someone or something at a particular time
    They showed the details of mixing mechanism in confined turbulent jet flow without separating conditions and its transition status to the fully developed confined jet flow.
  168. observe
    watch attentively
    Binder et al.[15] observed the recirculation in conical ducts with a divergence angle θ ≥ 2.5° at Ct ≤ 1.1.
  169. divergence
    moving away in different direction from a common point
    Binder et al.[15] observed the recirculation in conical ducts with a divergence angle θ ≥ 2.5° at Ct ≤ 1.1.
  170. angle
    the space between two lines or planes that intersect
    Binder et al.[15] observed the recirculation in conical ducts with a divergence angle θ ≥ 2.5° at Ct ≤ 1.1.
  171. enhancement
    an improvement that makes something more agreeable
    G. Singh et al.[16] presented the enhancement and mixing studies for variable density confined jet.
  172. variable
    something that is likely to change
    G. Singh et al.[16] presented the enhancement and mixing studies for variable density confined jet.
  173. author
    a person who writes professionally
    The authors found that the entrainment and mixing depend on the effect of various parameters such as aspect ratio, density ratio, jet Reynolds number and jet location.
  174. aspect
    a characteristic to be considered
    The authors found that the entrainment and mixing depend on the effect of various parameters such as aspect ratio, density ratio, jet Reynolds number and jet location.
  175. location
    the act of putting something in a certain place
    The authors found that the entrainment and mixing depend on the effect of various parameters such as aspect ratio, density ratio, jet Reynolds number and jet location.
  176. steward
    someone who manages property or affairs for someone else
    For the variable density jets, Steward and Guruz[17] suggested the non-isothermal Craya-Curtet number (Ctni) from a logical extension of the Craya-Curtet number (Ct) of a uniform density confined jet.
  177. logical
    based on known statements or events or conditions
    For the variable density jets, Steward and Guruz[17] suggested the non-isothermal Craya-Curtet number (Ctni) from a logical extension of the Craya-Curtet number (Ct) of a uniform density confined jet.
  178. extension
    act of expanding in scope
    For the variable density jets, Steward and Guruz[17] suggested the non-isothermal Craya-Curtet number (Ctni) from a logical extension of the Craya-Curtet number (Ct) of a uniform density confined jet.
  179. consideration
    the process of giving careful thought to something
    It finds that recirculation will not occur for Ct ≥0.8 without consideration of a fluid.
  180. excess
    the state of being more than full
    From the physical point of view about equation (2), the dominator of non-isothermal Craya-Curtet number (Ctni) is considered as the availably excess inlet momentum for mixing two flows.
  181. conservation
    careful management of the environment and natural resources
    The ρM, the mean density of the exit fluid, is derived from mass conservation, (5)
  182. mixture
    a collection containing a variety of sorts of things
    Schefer et al.[18] presented mixture fraction measurement of a turbulent nonreacting propane jet with and without co-flow of air by using laser Rayleigh scattering.
  183. fraction
    a small part or item forming a piece of a whole
    Schefer et al.[18] presented mixture fraction measurement of a turbulent nonreacting propane jet with and without co-flow of air by using laser Rayleigh scattering.
  184. laser
    an optical device that produces an intense beam of light
    Schefer et al.[18] presented mixture fraction measurement of a turbulent nonreacting propane jet with and without co-flow of air by using laser Rayleigh scattering.
  185. situation
    physical position in relation to the surroundings
    The study of entrainment in turbulent flow is found in the previous papers for many practical situations such as controlling the pattern of flow in combustors.
  186. layer
    a single thickness of some substance or material
    The shear stress is generated in the boundary layer between jet and co-flowing or stagnant conditions due to the velocity gradient.
  187. stagnant
    not growing or changing; without force or vitality
    The shear stress is generated in the boundary layer between jet and co-flowing or stagnant conditions due to the velocity gradient.
  188. turbulence
    instability in the atmosphere
    These causes the turbulence eddies.
  189. eddy
    a miniature whirlpool or whirlwind
    These causes the turbulence eddies.
  190. thesis
    an unproved statement advanced as a premise in an argument
    Theses eddies make the entrainment of the surrounding fluid into the jet flow.
  191. surround
    extend on all sides of simultaneously; encircle
    Theses eddies make the entrainment of the surrounding fluid into the jet flow.
  192. symmetrical
    exhibiting equivalence or correspondence among constituents
    Ricou et al.[19] studied the entrainment of axis-symmetrical turbulent jets by considering the effect of the buoyancy.
  193. buoyancy
    the tendency to float in water or other liquid
    Ricou et al.[19] studied the entrainment of axis-symmetrical turbulent jets by considering the effect of the buoyancy.
  194. analytical
    using or skilled in using reasoning
    Pritchard et al.[20] proposed an analytical expression for Rq(entrainment ratio) expressed by in terms of the density ratio(σ), the area ratio(AT/Ao) and friction loss coefficient for the flow in the duct(CL) through using simple momentum and energy balance in eq.(6).
  195. friction
    the resistance when a body is moved in contact with another
    Pritchard et al.[20] proposed an analytical expression for Rq(entrainment ratio) expressed by in terms of the density ratio(σ), the area ratio(AT/Ao) and friction loss coefficient for the flow in the duct(CL) through using simple momentum and energy balance in eq.(6).
  196. coefficient
    a constant number that serves as a measure of some property
    Pritchard et al.[20] proposed an analytical expression for Rq(entrainment ratio) expressed by in terms of the density ratio(σ), the area ratio(AT/Ao) and friction loss coefficient for the flow in the duct(CL) through using simple momentum and energy balance in eq.(6).
  197. simple
    having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved
    Pritchard et al.[20] proposed an analytical expression for Rq(entrainment ratio) expressed by in terms of the density ratio(σ), the area ratio(AT/Ao) and friction loss coefficient for the flow in the duct(CL) through using simple momentum and energy balance in eq.(6).
  198. energy
    forceful exertion
    Pritchard et al.[20] proposed an analytical expression for Rq(entrainment ratio) expressed by in terms of the density ratio(σ), the area ratio(AT/Ao) and friction loss coefficient for the flow in the duct(CL) through using simple momentum and energy balance in eq.(6).
  199. balance
    harmonious arrangement or relation of parts within a whole
    Pritchard et al.[20] proposed an analytical expression for Rq(entrainment ratio) expressed by in terms of the density ratio(σ), the area ratio(AT/Ao) and friction loss coefficient for the flow in the duct(CL) through using simple momentum and energy balance in eq.(6).
  200. similar
    having the same or nearly the same characteristics
    Dahm et al.[21] investigated the mixing and entrainment characteristics experimentally and numerically in the self-similar far field of a steady, axis-symmetrically free turbulent jet flow in the water.
  201. steady
    securely in position; not shaky
    Dahm et al.[21] investigated the mixing and entrainment characteristics experimentally and numerically in the self-similar far field of a steady, axis-symmetrically free turbulent jet flow in the water.
  202. throughout
    from first to last
    Mohamed et al.[22] suggested the theory of entrainment to study turbulent jet into a stagnant or co-flowing air throughout considering the spreading mixing.
  203. relate
    give an account of
    It shows that the entrainment is related to relative velocity difference between the jet and the co-flow as well as the reduction by the co-flow based on the definition of entrainment.
  204. relative
    not absolute or complete
    It shows that the entrainment is related to relative velocity difference between the jet and the co-flow as well as the reduction by the co-flow based on the definition of entrainment.
  205. reduction
    the act of decreasing something
    It shows that the entrainment is related to relative velocity difference between the jet and the co-flow as well as the reduction by the co-flow based on the definition of entrainment.
  206. base
    lowest support of a structure
    It shows that the entrainment is related to relative velocity difference between the jet and the co-flow as well as the reduction by the co-flow based on the definition of entrainment.
  207. definition
    a brief explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase
    It shows that the entrainment is related to relative velocity difference between the jet and the co-flow as well as the reduction by the co-flow based on the definition of entrainment.
  208. enclosure
    a structure consisting of an area that has been confined
    Kandakure et al.[23] studied the characteristics of turbulent confined jets through checking the effect of enclosure size and the influence of the presence of draft tube.
  209. presence
    current existence
    Kandakure et al.[23] studied the characteristics of turbulent confined jets through checking the effect of enclosure size and the influence of the presence of draft tube.
  210. draft
    a current of air
    Kandakure et al.[23] studied the characteristics of turbulent confined jets through checking the effect of enclosure size and the influence of the presence of draft tube.
  211. perform
    get done
    Singh et al.[24] performed an experimental study of the entrainment and the spread characteristics of confined/semi-confined circular and noncircular confined jets in a circular tube.
  212. solution
    a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
    It showed that the similarity solutions by Becker et al.[6] are applicable to the circular jet and noncircular jet as well as to the entrainment ratio which generally depends on the diameter of the duct.
  213. applicable
    having relevance
    It showed that the similarity solutions by Becker et al.[6] are applicable to the circular jet and noncircular jet as well as to the entrainment ratio which generally depends on the diameter of the duct.
  214. limit
    as far as something can go
    Previous research on the fundamental aspects of the mixing such as the concentration and temperature fields to the confined turbulent jets with co-flow is very limited.
  215. represent
    be a delegate or spokesperson for
    This paper represents the applicability of the solutions to the confined jet turbulent flow by conducting numerical and experimental studies of the confined jet as well as proposing a detailed theoretical equation to calculate the amount of entrainment.
  216. applicability
    relevance by virtue of being relevant to the matter at hand
    This paper represents the applicability of the solutions to the confined jet turbulent flow by conducting numerical and experimental studies of the confined jet as well as proposing a detailed theoretical equation to calculate the amount of entrainment.
  217. calculate
    make a mathematical computation
    This paper represents the applicability of the solutions to the confined jet turbulent flow by conducting numerical and experimental studies of the confined jet as well as proposing a detailed theoretical equation to calculate the amount of entrainment.
  218. schematic
    represented in simplified or symbolic form
    Figure 1 shows the experimental schematic of the confined turbulent jet.
  219. insulation
    reduction of the transmission of sound, heat, or electricity
    The inner side of duct have 2" insulation wall to prevent heat loss thorough the duct wall.
  220. prevent
    keep from happening or arising; make impossible
    The inner side of duct have 2" insulation wall to prevent heat loss thorough the duct wall.
  221. thorough
    painstakingly careful and accurate
    The inner side of duct have 2" insulation wall to prevent heat loss thorough the duct wall.
  222. angular
    having straight lines and sharp points or corners
    The nine holes placed at 90° angular direction to the vertical line of six holes.
  223. direction
    a line leading to a place or point
    The nine holes placed at 90° angular direction to the vertical line of six holes.
  224. install
    set up for use
    The circular nozzles of 0.25 inch exit diameter are installed at center position vertically.
  225. basis
    the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun
    The nozzle is designed on the basis of Masahiro et al.[25].
  226. range
    a variety of different things or activities
    The range of the discharge coefficient value of this nozzle is from 0.984(at M=0.3) to 0.99(at M=0.9) as depending on each velocity.
  227. align
    arrange so as to be parallel or straight
    The setup of the hot co-flow is aligned to the jet flow.
  228. calculated
    carefully thought out in advance
    For simulating exhaust gas as hot co-flow, the co-flow velocity is calculated from 1 to 10 MMBtu industrial-scale burners’ exhaust gas flow rate.
  229. maintain
    keep in a certain state, position, or activity
    The turbulent flow velocity from the nozzles is maintained nearly constant during the experiment by two compressed air tank supply units.
  230. supply
    circulate or distribute or equip with
    The turbulent flow velocity from the nozzles is maintained nearly constant during the experiment by two compressed air tank supply units.
  231. obtain
    come into possession of
    For obtaining the concentration profiles of jet flow, The NO gas is used as tracer gas into air jet before going through nozzle.
  232. regulate
    bring into conformity with rules, principles, or usage
    The air jet (containing tracer gas NO for measuring the concentration profile) from the nozzle is regulated by flow meter.
  233. calibrate
    make fine adjustments for optimal measuring
    For making the correct to flow rate to make correct air velocity, this flow meter is calibrated by bubble flow meter.
  234. device
    an instrumentality invented for a particular purpose
    To obtain the velocity profiles, temperature profiles and concentration profile, the measuring device is used as flow intrusion method.
  235. intrusion
    entrance by force or without permission or welcome
    To obtain the velocity profiles, temperature profiles and concentration profile, the measuring device is used as flow intrusion method.
  236. disturbance
    activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption
    For reducing disturbance against the flow for measuring, the cross section of measuring device is used as airfoil shape.
  237. shape
    a perceptual structure
    For reducing disturbance against the flow for measuring, the cross section of measuring device is used as airfoil shape.
  238. sample
    a small part intended as representative of the whole
    The Pitot tube, sampling tube and thermocouple is installed inside the measuring device.
  239. absolute
    perfect or complete or pure
    To measure different velocity range, the pair of absolute pressure transducers (COOPER PTG404 Series) for M>0.3 and four different differential pressure transducers (SETRA C239 series & TESTO) are used below M=0.3.
  240. series
    similar things placed in order or one after another
    To measure different velocity range, the pair of absolute pressure transducers (COOPER PTG404 Series) for M>0.3 and four different differential pressure transducers (SETRA C239 series & TESTO) are used below M=0.3.
  241. vacuum
    an empty area or space
    The sampling gas is driven by vacuum pump thorough sampling tube.
  242. connect
    fasten or put together two or more pieces
    The sampling line is connected to NOx Gas analyzer (Siemens) after removing H2O gas inside sampling gas.
  243. remove
    take something away as by lifting, pushing, or taking off
    The sampling line is connected to NOx Gas analyzer (Siemens) after removing H2O gas inside sampling gas.
  244. entire
    constituting the full quantity or extent; complete
    The entire data signal about pressure information, NO concentration and temperature inside duct is connected to NI DAQ system.
  245. data
    a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
    The entire data signal about pressure information, NO concentration and temperature inside duct is connected to NI DAQ system.
  246. signal
    any action or gesture that encodes a message
    The entire data signal about pressure information, NO concentration and temperature inside duct is connected to NI DAQ system.
  247. average
    an intermediate scale value regarded as normal or usual
    In this study, all data of the pressure for calculating velocity, temperature and concentration are averaged during 30s after the flows turn to be steady and fully developed mixed with tracer gas before the nozzle.
  248. buoyant
    tending to float on a liquid or rise in air or gas
    Since the density of the jet flow and the ambient fluid is different due to different temperature, the buoyant effect is involved in these experiments.
  249. involved
    connected by participation or association or use
    Since the density of the jet flow and the ambient fluid is different due to different temperature, the buoyant effect is involved in these experiments.
  250. attain
    gain with effort
    For calculating velocity, the pressure data are attained by the Pitot tube connected with the pressure transducer, the temperature is measured by thermocouple and the concentration of NO is measured through sampling tube connected with NO anayalzer (42C High level NOx analyzer).
  251. level
    a relative position or degree of value in a graded group
    For calculating velocity, the pressure data are attained by the Pitot tube connected with the pressure transducer, the temperature is measured by thermocouple and the concentration of NO is measured through sampling tube connected with NO anayalzer (42C High level NOx analyzer).
  252. procedure
    a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
    In the beginning, the experimental setup and procedure is validated by measuring the velocity and concentration characteristics of turbulent single jet in the duct for checking the center location of nozzle to make the axis-symmetric jet.
  253. validate
    confirm the legal force of
    In the beginning, the experimental setup and procedure is validated by measuring the velocity and concentration characteristics of turbulent single jet in the duct for checking the center location of nozzle to make the axis-symmetric jet.
  254. select
    pick out or choose from a number of alternatives
    For these working, the 4 jet velocity conditions are selected such as 94.56m/s,
  255. spatial
    pertaining to the expanse in which things are located
    In experimental studies, the measurements are made up from X/d=19 because of the spatial limitations.
  256. discussion
    an extended communication dealing with a particular topic
    Results and Discussion
  257. accord
    concurrence of opinion
    To keep the fully developed turbulence condition, the jet Reynolds number is used above 104 according to Dimotakis[27].
  258. examine
    observe, check out, and look over carefully or inspect
    In this section, the effect of momentum ratio between the jet velocity and co-flow velocity is examined by using non-isothermal Craya-Curtet number.
  259. list
    a database containing an ordered array of items
    The experimental conditions investigated in this study are listed in Table 1.
  260. identification
    the act of designating something
    For identification of the concentration of the central jet, The NO gas is used as tracer gas in the central jet experimentally.
  261. normalize
    cause to conform to a standard
    The initial jet velocity is normalized by using the centerline velocity (Uc).
  262. decay
    the organic phenomenon of rotting
    The decay of normalized axial centerline velocity
  263. plot
    a small area of ground covered by specific vegetation
    The velocity conditions are expressed as non-isothermal Craya-Curtet number (Ctni) at each plot in figure 5.
  264. deviation
    a variation from the standard or norm
    However, it finds that there is the deviation between the data of confined turbulent jet and the data of the free turbulent jet because of the confinement effect from the confined turbulent jet.
  265. low
    less than normal in degree or intensity or amount
    The recirculation zone will be caused easily at low non-isothermal Craya-Curtet number because of the high excess momentum at inlet condition between jet and co-flow.
  266. decrease
    a change downward
    This means that the excess momentum is decreased.
  267. interference
    the act of hindering or obstructing or impeding
    Therefore, the interference range between center jet and the recirculation zone is decreased.
  268. inverse
    turned backward in order or nature or effect
    It shows in equation (16) that the axial decay of centerline velocity is expressed as the inverse normalize maximum excess centerline jet velocity by using the characteristic system velocity ( ) defined by Becker et al.[6]. , where (16)
  269. maximum
    the greatest or most complete or best possible
    It shows in equation (16) that the axial decay of centerline velocity is expressed as the inverse normalize maximum excess centerline jet velocity by using the characteristic system velocity ( ) defined by Becker et al.[6]. , where (16)
  270. graph
    a visual representation of the relations between quantities
    These graphs are plotted at fixed co-flow and different jet velocity.
  271. opposite
    being directly across from each other
    It finds the opposite phenomena to the results at fixed jet velocity and different co-flow velocity.
  272. spite
    meanness or nastiness
    This means that high jet velocity to each same co-flow condition is slowing decaying in spite of high excess momentum flux.
  273. flux
    a state of constant change
    This means that high jet velocity to each same co-flow condition is slowing decaying in spite of high excess momentum flux.
  274. rhombus
    a parallelogram with four equal sides
    Different colored rhombuses are expressed at experimental result to different location of X/d(X: axial direction, d: nozzle diameter).
  275. compute
    make a mathematical calculation
    The computed and measured profiles collapse fairly well on a single curve to be represented by a Gaussian function from equation (17), except for the mean scalar fraction at the position far downstream near the near edge(r/rU/2>1).
  276. collapse
    break down, literally or metaphorically
    The computed and measured profiles collapse fairly well on a single curve to be represented by a Gaussian function from equation (17), except for the mean scalar fraction at the position far downstream near the near edge(r/rU/2>1).
  277. edge
    a line determining the limits of an area
    The computed and measured profiles collapse fairly well on a single curve to be represented by a Gaussian function from equation (17), except for the mean scalar fraction at the position far downstream near the near edge(r/rU/2>1).
  278. motion
    the act of changing location from one place to another
    We think that this each critical non-isothermal Craya-Curtet number will make the changed entrainment motion of hot air from co-flow.
  279. symbol
    something visible that represents something invisible
    The experimental data are expressed as different colored symbols to the different location of X/d(X: axial direction, d: nozzle diameter).
  280. preservation
    the activity of protecting something from loss or danger
    There are difference and scatter in the concentration data at r/rc/2>1 but it can be considered that the normalized NO concentration has self-preservation in jet region for all of test conditions.
  281. difficulty
    an effort that is inconvenient
    The deviation at the trail of the curve is due to the confinement and difficulty measurement to low NO concentration.
  282. conclude
    bring to a close
    We can conclude that the equation (18) can be used for expressing the normalized NO concentration distribution. (a) Ujet=94.56m/s and Uco=0.11m/s (b) Ujet=94.56m/s and Uco=0.4572m/s (c) Ujet=94.56m/s and Uco=0.762m/s (d) Ujet=94.56m/s and Uco=1.11m/s (e) Ujet=157.6m/s and Uco=0.11m/s (f) Ujet=157.6m/s and Uco=0.4572m/s (g) Ujet=157.6m/s and Uco=0.762m/s (h) Ujet=1
  283. converge
    be adjacent or come together
    After moving the axial direction, the temperature along the centerline is converged to the single value.
  284. stable
    resistant to change of position or condition
    This means that the profiles of normalized temperature are flat and stable.
  285. curt
    brief and to the point
    Therefore, the cases of high non-isothermal Craya-Curter number have enough hot air flow.
  286. transfer
    move from one place to another
    From figure 15, as moving the axial direction, the temperature profiles are more uniform due to heat transfer between cold jet and hot co-flow.
  287. interact
    do something together or with others
    The jet width is increasing as moving the normalized axial direction(X/d) because of the characteristics of spreading of the jet though interacting surrounding.
  288. affected
    influenced
    From these finding, the jet width at half jet velocity is less affected by the confinement.
  289. increment
    the amount by which something increases
    It finds that the entrainment ratio is increased as moving the axial direction due to the increment of entrained mass.
  290. trend
    a general tendency to change, as of opinion
    There is the same trend.
  291. conclusion
    a position or opinion reached after consideration
    Those conclusions alleviated the concerns about criminal activity and rule violations, he said.
  292. dilute
    lessen the strength or flavor of a solution or mixture
    References [1] Mastorako E., Taylor A. M., Ta and Whitelaw, J. H., Turbulent counterflow flames with reactants diluted by hot products, Joint Meeting of the British and German sections,(1993).
  293. product
    an artifact that has been created by someone or some process
    Today, more products can enter the boxing ring but that does not mean they will prevail.  Forbes (Jan 19, 2013)
  294. enclose
    surround completely
    The Paddock Center is an enclosed, highly specialized personality disorder directorate comprising six 12-bedded wards. Scientific American (Jan 4, 2013)
  295. symposium
    a meeting for the public discussion of some topic
    That confirmation—though very qualified—came earlier this month at the Fourth International Fermi Symposium. Scientific American (Nov 18, 2012)
  296. institute
    set up or lay the groundwork for
    Universal newborn hearing screening was instituted in Pennsylvania in 2001.
  297. tendency
    an inclination to do something
    Taylor Twellman said he has a tendency to try to do too much at times, comparing him to Kenny Cooper in that regard. Seattle Times (Jan 17, 2013)
  298. journal
    a daily written record of experiences and observations
    Writing in the journal Tobacco Control, they say reducing profits would allow for higher taxes without changing the price in shops.
  299. engineering
    applying scientific knowledge to practical problems
    Great Britain really does have wonderful engineering expertise in some unlikely places.
  300. academic
    associated with an educational institution
    Ross Anderson, an academic in the Computer Laboratory at Cambridge University, who has spent 20 years researching bank-related fraud, is also unconvinced.
  301. transaction
    conducting business within or between groups
    Transactions included are share purchase submissions and ameded submissions.
  302. stream
    a natural body of water flowing on or under the earth
    Even undisturbed wetlands are threatened by dwindling streams and receding flood plains.
  303. diverge
    move or draw apart
    ADP’s figures have diverged at times from the government’s more comprehensive jobs report, which will be released Friday. Time (Jan 3, 2013)
  304. source
    the place where something begins
    Property taxes are the county’s largest single source of revenue, bringing in $1.1 billion in fiscal 2011.
  305. proceeding
    a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked
    [15] Binder G. and Kian K., Confined jets in a diverging duct, proceeding of Turbulent Shear Flows.
  306. technology
    the practical application of science to commerce or industry
    Now a new breed of incubator, catering mainly to technology types, is springing up all over the country. Forbes (Jan 19, 2013)
  307. utilization
    the act of using
    Want to know the relationship between sales of industrial cleaning systems in western Pennsylvania and capacity utilization in that region’s steel industry?  Forbes (Dec 13, 2012)
  308. process
    a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
    Armstrong has said he would participate in such a process.
  309. viscosity
    resistance of a liquid to flowing
    The oil pressure will vary according to weather conditions and viscosity of oil used. Pag?, Victor Wilfred
  310. model
    a representation of something, often on a smaller scale
    Under both models, the IRS receives information about U.S. accounts. Forbes (Jan 19, 2013)
  311. development
    a process in which something passes to a different stage
    Are part of product decision making and development, customer support process, and marketing Here's why a structure like this matters.
  312. validation
    finding or testing the truth of something
    These are the people I meet who come up to me at conferences, looking for validation.
  313. computer
    a machine for performing calculations automatically
    In fact, she was nothing more than a computer bot someone had set up to respond to queries on an online dating site. Seattle Times (Jan 19, 2013)
Created on 一月 19, 2013 (updated 二月 20, 2013)

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