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William G. (United States of America)
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  1. insolation
    incident solar radiation
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  2. glaciation
    the process of covering the earth with glaciers or masses of ice
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  3. microfossil
    a very tiny impression left by an organism from a past geological age
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  4. change over
    make a shift in or exchange of
    Furthermore, the Earth tilts* on its axis and the degree of tilt changes over time.
  5. meteoroid
    a small piece of rock or metal moving through outer space
    They argue that because of the oscillation, the Earth periodically
    travels through clouds of debris, in the form of dust and meteoroids.
  6. major axis
    the longest axis of an ellipse or ellipsoid
    Finally, the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the ellipse changes over a period of about 100,000 years.
  7. ice age
    a period when glaciers cover much of the Earth's surface
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  8. solar radiation
    radiation from the sun
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  9. sea floor
    the bottom of a sea or ocean
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  10. Earth
    the 3rd planet from the sun; the planet we live on
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  11. vaporize
    turn into gas
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
  12. orbital
    relating to the path of one body around another
    In the 1990s, it was
    discovered that the orbital inclination of the Earth to the sun and planets could also be
    responsible for climate changes.
  13. geologically
    with respect to geology
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  14. cyclic
    marked by repeated series of events
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  15. solar energy
    energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy
    Such debris could
    reduce the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of our planet, thus plunging it into
    regular cold periods.
  16. debris
    the remains of something that has been destroyed
    They argue that because of the oscillation, the Earth periodically
    travels through clouds of debris, in the form of dust and meteoroids.
  17. oscillate
    move or swing from side to side regularly
    This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial debris.
  18. volcanic eruption
    the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge of steam and volcanic material
    Volcanic eruptions, for example. release much greater amounts of ash and dust and have relatively little effect on climate.
  19. cycle
    a periodically repeated sequence of events
    During the past one million years, increased glacial conditions have run in cycles of approximately 100,000 years.
  20. extraterrestrial
    originating, located, or occurring outside Earth
    This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial debris.
  21. oscillating
    having periodic vibrations
    This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial debris.
  22. climate change
    a shift in the world's average weather and temperature
    In the 1990s, it was
    discovered that the orbital inclination of the Earth to the sun and planets could also be
    responsible for climate changes.
  23. wobble
    move sideways or in an unsteady way
    First, the planet wobbles· as it spins, due to the pull of the sun and moon.
  24. ellipse
    a closed plane curve with an oval shape
    Finally, the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the ellipse changes over a period of about 100,000 years.
  25. revolve around
    center upon
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  26. by-product
    a secondary and sometimes unexpected consequence
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
  27. sunlight
    the rays of the sun
    The three most prominent factors probably relate to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth.
  28. oscillation
    a complete execution of a periodically repeated phenomenon
    They argue that because of the oscillation, the Earth periodically
    travels through clouds of debris, in the form of dust and meteoroids.
  29. elliptical
    rounded like an egg
    Finally, the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the ellipse changes over a period of about 100,000 years.
  30. inclination
    the act of bending forward
    In the 1990s, it was
    discovered that the orbital inclination of the Earth to the sun and planets could also be
    responsible for climate changes.
  31. predict
    make a guess about what will happen in the future
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  32. planet
    a celestial body that revolves around the sun
    First, the planet wobbles· as it spins, due to the pull of the sun and moon.
  33. sediment
    matter that has been deposited by some natural process
    In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean sediments taken from eight locations around the world.
  34. peak
    a V shape
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  35. climate
    the weather in some location averaged over a period of time
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  36. glacial
    relating to or derived from a slowly moving mass of ice
    During the past one million years, increased glacial conditions have run in cycles of approximately 100,000 years.
  37. theory
    a belief that can guide behavior
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  38. analysis
    abstract separation of something into its various parts
    Also, recent analysis has shown
    that the insolation theory predicts peaks of sunlight at intervals of 95,000 and 125,000
    years.
  39. tilt
    lean over; tip
    Furthermore, the Earth tilts* on its axis and the degree of tilt changes over time.
  40. cave in
    the sudden collapse of something into a hollow beneath it
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  41. axis
    a straight line through a body or figure
    Furthermore, the Earth tilts* on its axis and the degree of tilt changes over time.
  42. solar
    relating to the sun or utilizing the energies of the sun
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  43. periodically
    in a sporadic manner
    They argue that because of the oscillation, the Earth periodically
    travels through clouds of debris, in the form of dust and meteoroids.
  44. 1990s
    the decade from 1990 to 1999
    In the 1990s, it was
    discovered that the orbital inclination of the Earth to the sun and planets could also be
    responsible for climate changes.
  45. 1930s
    the decade from 1930 to 1939
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  46. twentieth century
    the century from 1901 to 2000
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  47. researcher
    a scientist devoted to systematic investigation
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  48. period
    an amount of time
    Finally, the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the ellipse changes over a period of about 100,000 years.
  49. geologist
    a specialist in the history of the Earth recorded in rocks
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  50. mathematician
    a person skilled in the logic of quantity and arrangement
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  51. Muller
    United States geneticist who studied the effects of X-rays on genes (1890-1967)
    Two scientists, Muller and MacDonald,
    have proposed that it is this orbital inclination which is ultimately responsible for the periods
    of glaciation and warming.
  52. revolve
    turn on or around an axis or a center
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  53. eccentricity
    strange and unconventional behavior
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  54. damaging
    (sometimes followed by `to') causing harm or injury
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  55. relatively
    by comparison to something else
    The mai"n proDiem i"s fliaffne amount ofdust tnat taO's to tl'Te groorTd ~fTel7 the Earth travels through space debris is relatively small -not enough to produce radical climate changes.
  56. ice
    water frozen in the solid state
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  57. data
    a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn
    Climatological data does not support this predicted sunlight peaking.
  58. datum
    an item of factual information from measurement or research
    Climatological data does not support this predicted sunlight peaking.
  59. eruption
    the sudden occurrence of a violent discharge
    Volcanic eruptions, for example. release much greater amounts of ash and dust and have relatively little effect on climate.
  60. radiation
    the act of spreading outward from a central source
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  61. responsible for
    being the agent or cause
    In the 1990s, it was
    discovered that the orbital inclination of the Earth to the sun and planets could also be
    responsible for climate changes.
  62. volcanic
    relating to eruptions of gas and lava from the earth's crust
    Volcanic eruptions, for example. release much greater amounts of ash and dust and have relatively little effect on climate.
  63. precede
    be earlier in time
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  64. Nevada
    a state in the southwestern United States
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  65. sloping
    having a slanting form or direction
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  66. dust
    fine powdery material such as dry earth or pollen
    They argue that because of the oscillation, the Earth periodically
    travels through clouds of debris, in the form of dust and meteoroids.
  67. warming
    the process of becoming warmer; a rising temperature
    Two scientists, Muller and MacDonald,
    have proposed that it is this orbital inclination which is ultimately responsible for the periods
    of glaciation and warming.
  68. amount
    how much there is of something that you can quantify
    The three most prominent factors probably relate to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth.
  69. factor
    anything that contributes causally to a result
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  70. matched
    going well together; possessing harmonizing qualities
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  71. glacier
    a slowly moving mass of ice
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  72. approximately
    imprecise but fairly close to correct
    During the past one million years, increased glacial conditions have run in cycles of approximately 100,000 years.
  73. twentieth
    position 20 in a countable series of things
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  74. percent
    a proportion in relation to a whole
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  75. intense
    possessing a distinctive feature to a heightened degree
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  76. dominant
    most frequent or common
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  77. responsible
    worthy of or requiring trust; held accountable
    In the 1990s, it was
    discovered that the orbital inclination of the Earth to the sun and planets could also be
    responsible for climate changes.
  78. change
    become different in some particular way
    Furthermore, the Earth tilts* on its axis and the degree of tilt changes over time.
  79. hypothesis
    a tentative insight that is not yet verified or tested
    However, many researchers in this field are not yet persuaded by the inclination hypothesis.
  80. orbit
    the path of a celestial body in its revolution about another
    Finally, the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the ellipse changes over a period of about 100,000 years.
  81. increase
    a process of becoming larger or longer or more numerous
    During the past one million years, increased glacial conditions have run in cycles of approximately 100,000 years.
  82. furthermore
    in addition
    Furthermore, the Earth tilts* on its axis and the degree of tilt changes over time.
  83. interval
    the distance between things
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  84. sun
    the star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system
    First, the planet wobbles· as it spins, due to the pull of the sun and moon.
  85. show up
    appear or become visible; make a showing
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  86. discover
    determine the existence, presence, or fact of
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  87. repeating
    the act of doing or performing again
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  88. years
    a prolonged period of time
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  89. plunge
    dash violently or with great speed or impetuosity
    Such debris could
    reduce the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of our planet, thus plunging it into
    regular cold periods.
  90. corresponding
    similar especially in position or purpose
    This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial debris.
  91. location
    the act of putting something in a certain place
    In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean sediments taken from eight locations around the world.
  92. contribute
    give, provide, or supply something
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  93. flat
    having a surface without a slope; level
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  94. match
    a formal contest in which people or teams compete
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  95. move in
    occupy a place
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  96. plane
    an unbounded two-dimensional shape
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  97. convince
    make realize the truth or validity of something
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  98. recent
    of the immediate past or just previous to the present time
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  99. age
    how long something has existed
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  100. regular
    conforming to a standard or pattern
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  101. in particular
    specifically or especially distinguished from others
    In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean sediments taken from eight locations around the world.
  102. supporter
    a person who backs a politician or a team etc.
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
  103. measured
    having notes of fixed rhythmic value
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  104. indication
    the act of pointing out by name
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  105. ultimately
    as the end result of a succession or process
    Two scientists, Muller and MacDonald,
    have proposed that it is this orbital inclination which is ultimately responsible for the periods
    of glaciation and warming.
  106. surface
    the outer boundary of an artifact or a material layer
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  107. alternative
    one of a number of things from which only one can be chosen
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  108. conditions
    the context that influences the performance of a process
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  109. subtle
    difficult to detect or grasp by the mind or analyze
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
  110. confront
    oppose, as in hostility or a competition
    The advantage of this theory is that it is not confronted with several of the problems associated with the Milankovitch theory.
  111. persuade
    cause somebody to adopt a certain position or belief
    However, many researchers in this field are not yet persuaded by the inclination hypothesis.
  112. year
    the period of time that it takes for a planet (as, e.g., Earth or Mars) to make a complete revolution around the sun
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  113. radical
    far beyond the norm
    The mai"n proDiem i"s fliaffne amount ofdust tnat taO's to tl'Te groorTd ~fTel7 the Earth travels through space debris is relatively small -not enough to produce radical climate changes.
  114. reduce
    make smaller
    Such debris could
    reduce the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of our planet, thus plunging it into
    regular cold periods.
  115. spin
    revolve quickly and repeatedly around one's own axis
    First, the planet wobbles· as it spins, due to the pull of the sun and moon.
  116. cloud
    a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude
    They argue that because of the oscillation, the Earth periodically
    travels through clouds of debris, in the form of dust and meteoroids.
  117. era
    a period marked by distinctive character
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  118. relate
    give an account of
    The three most prominent factors probably relate to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth.
  119. discovered
    discovered or determined by scientific observation
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  120. prominent
    conspicuous in position or importance
    The three most prominent factors probably relate to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth.
  121. temperature
    the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  122. argue
    have a disagreement about something
    They argue that because of the oscillation, the Earth periodically
    travels through clouds of debris, in the form of dust and meteoroids.
  123. counter
    a calculator recording the number of times something happens
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
  124. correspond
    take the place of or be parallel or equivalent to
    This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial debris.
  125. propose
    present for consideration, examination, or criticism
    Two scientists, Muller and MacDonald,
    have proposed that it is this orbital inclination which is ultimately responsible for the periods
    of glaciation and warming.
  126. release
    grant freedom to; free from confinement
    Volcanic eruptions, for example. release much greater amounts of ash and dust and have relatively little effect on climate.
  127. precisely
    in a sharply exact manner
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  128. ash
    the residue that remains when something is burned
    Volcanic eruptions, for example. release much greater amounts of ash and dust and have relatively little effect on climate.
  129. pattern
    a repeated design, structure, or arrangement
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  130. deposit
    the act of putting something somewhere
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  131. scientist
    a person with advanced knowledge of empirical fields
    Two scientists, Muller and MacDonald,
    have proposed that it is this orbital inclination which is ultimately responsible for the periods
    of glaciation and warming.
  132. associate
    bring or come into action
    The advantage of this theory is that it is not confronted with several of the problems associated with the Milankovitch theory.
  133. several
    of an indefinite number more than 2 or 3 but not many
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  134. damage
    the occurrence of a change for the worse
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  135. around
    in the area or vicinity
    Finally, the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the ellipse changes over a period of about 100,000 years.
  136. problem
    a question raised for consideration or solution
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  137. travel
    change location
    They argue that because of the oscillation, the Earth periodically
    travels through clouds of debris, in the form of dust and meteoroids.
  138. degree
    a specific identifiable position in a continuum or series
    Furthermore, the Earth tilts* on its axis and the degree of tilt changes over time.
  139. entering
    the act of entering
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
  140. vary
    become different in some particular way
    This varies over time for three main reasons.
  141. cave
    a geological formation consisting of an underground enclosure with access from the surface of the ground or from the sea
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  142. show
    make visible or noticeable
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  143. reaching
    the act of physically reaching or thrusting out
    Such debris could
    reduce the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of our planet, thus plunging it into
    regular cold periods.
  144. slope
    be at an angle
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  145. exact
    marked by strict and complete accordance with fact
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  146. atmosphere
    the envelope of gases surrounding any celestial body
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
  147. extended
    fully stretched forth
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  148. research
    a seeking for knowledge
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  149. prevail
    be larger in number, quantity, power, status or importance
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  150. condition
    a mode of being or form of existence of a person or thing
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  151. despite
    contemptuous disregard
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  152. explanation
    making something understandable
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  153. through
    having finished or arrived at completion
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  154. imagine
    expect, believe, or suppose
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  155. showing
    the display of a motion picture
    This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial debris.
  156. ocean
    a large body of water that covers a large part of the earth
    In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean sediments taken from eight locations around the world.
  157. past
    earlier than the present time; no longer current
    glacier
    Geologists have shown that for about 80 percent of the past 2.5 million years, ice-age . conditions have prevailed on the Earth's surface.
  158. physical
    involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  159. nevertheless
    despite anything to the contrary
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  160. arrival
    the act of coming to a certain place
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  161. product
    an artifact that has been created by someone or some process
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
  162. cause
    events that provide the generative force of something
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  163. moon
    the natural satellite of the Earth
    First, the planet wobbles· as it spins, due to the pull of the sun and moon.
  164. clearly
    without doubt or question
    This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial debris.
  165. proof
    any evidence that helps to establish the truth of something
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  166. yield
    give or supply
    This analysis yielded data clearly showing the peak of the last several ice ages with a period of 100,000 years and corresponding to the periods when the Earth's oscillating inclination takes it through clouds of extraterrestrial debris.
  167. increased
    made greater in size or amount or degree
    During the past one million years, increased glacial conditions have run in cycles of approximately 100,000 years.
  168. center
    an area that is in the middle of some larger region
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  169. throughout
    from first to last
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  170. major
    greater in scope or effect
    Finally, the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the ellipse changes over a period of about 100,000 years.
  171. energy
    forceful exertion
    Such debris could
    reduce the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of our planet, thus plunging it into
    regular cold periods.
  172. move
    change location
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  173. produce
    bring forth or yield
    The mai"n proDiem i"s fliaffne amount ofdust tnat taO's to tl'Te groorTd ~fTel7 the Earth travels through space debris is relatively small -not enough to produce radical climate changes.
  174. reach
    move forward or upward in order to touch
    The three most prominent factors probably relate to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth.
  175. extend
    stretch out over a distance, space, time, or scope
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  176. supposed
    required or under orders
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  177. sudden
    happening without warning or in a short space of time
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  178. main
    most important element
    This varies over time for three main reasons.
  179. evidence
    knowledge on which to base belief
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  180. warm
    having or producing a comfortable and agreeable degree of heat or imparting or maintaining heat
    Two scientists, Muller and MacDonald,
    have proposed that it is this orbital inclination which is ultimately responsible for the periods
    of glaciation and warming.
  181. advantage
    the quality of having a superior or more favorable position
    The advantage of this theory is that it is not confronted with several of the problems associated with the Milankovitch theory.
  182. due
    that which is deserved or owed
    First, the planet wobbles· as it spins, due to the pull of the sun and moon.
  183. space
    the unlimited expanse in which everything is located
    The mai"n proDiem i"s fliaffne amount ofdust tnat taO's to tl'Te groorTd ~fTel7 the Earth travels through space debris is relatively small -not enough to produce radical climate changes.
  184. pull
    apply force so as to cause motion towards the source of the motion
    First, the planet wobbles· as it spins, due to the pull of the sun and moon.
  185. floor
    the inside lower horizontal surface
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  186. slowly
    without speed
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  187. filled
    generously supplied with
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  188. repeat
    say or state again
    If we imagine a flat plane with the sun in the center and
    the planets revolving around it, the Earth slowly moves in and out of the flat plane by a few
    degrees, repeating the cycle every 100,000 years.
  189. particular
    unique or specific to a person or thing or category
    In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean sediments taken from eight locations around the world.
  190. measure
    determine the dimensions of something or somebody
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  191. finally
    as the end result of a sequence or process
    Finally, the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the ellipse changes over a period of about 100,000 years.
  192. obtain
    come into possession of
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  193. movement
    change of position that does not entail a change of location
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  194. eight
    the cardinal number that is the sum of seven and one
    In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean sediments taken from eight locations around the world.
  195. side
    a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  196. fit
    meeting adequate standards for a purpose
    In particular, the new theory fits well with the analysis of ocean sediments taken from eight locations around the world.
  197. over
    beyond the top or upper surface or edge
    This varies over time for three main reasons.
  198. greater
    greater in size or importance or degree
    Volcanic eruptions, for example. release much greater amounts of ash and dust and have relatively little effect on climate.
  199. length
    the linear extent in space from one end to the other
    Finally, the orbit of the Earth around the sun is elliptical and the length of the major axis of the ellipse changes over a period of about 100,000 years.
  200. shake
    move or cause to move back and forth
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  201. record
    anything providing permanent evidence about past events
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  202. suppose
    expect or believe
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  203. yet
    up to the present time
    However, many researchers in this field are not yet persuaded by the inclination hypothesis.
  204. cold
    having a low or inadequate temperature
    Such debris could
    reduce the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of our planet, thus plunging it into
    regular cold periods.
  205. century
    a period of 100 years
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  206. probably
    with considerable certainty; without much doubt
    The three most prominent factors probably relate to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth.
  207. eat
    take in solid food
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
  208. support
    the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening
    Climatological data does not support this predicted sunlight peaking.
  209. study
    applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject
    For example, a cycle of 400,000 years
    predicted by the Milankovitch theory has never shown up in the climate records obtained
    through the study of microfossils deposited on the sea floor.
  210. seek
    try to locate, discover, or establish the existence of
    These and other problems with the Milankovitch cycles led some ,researchers to seek
    alternative explanations for the cyclic arrival of extended ice ages.
  211. fill
    make full, also in a metaphorical sense
    Other damaging
    evidence was the indication of a precisely measured sudden rise in temperature at a
    water-filled cave in Nevada, which preceded the increase in solar radiation that was
    supposed to cause it.
  212. necessary
    absolutely essential
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  213. position
    the particular part of space occupied by something
    Nevertheless, the necessary physical proof has yet to be found to convince the
    -,'>'ooble: to shake or move from side to side Tt :: :12 r: a sloping position
    2
  214. field
    extensive tract of level open land
    However, many researchers in this field are not yet persuaded by the inclination hypothesis.
  215. different
    unlike in nature, quality, form, or degree
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  216. history
    a record or narrative description of past events
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  217. many
    a large number of the persons or things being discussed
    Many different factors may contribute to these increases in glaciation at regular intervals
    throughout Earth's more geologically recent history.
  218. effect
    a phenomenon that is caused by some previous phenomenon
    Volcanic eruptions, for example. release much greater amounts of ash and dust and have relatively little effect on climate.
  219. much
    great in quantity or degree or extent
    These Milankovitch insolation cycles were the dominant theory in ice-age research
    for much of the twentieth century despite the fact that the match between periods of peak
    insolation and most intense glaciation were not exact.
  220. most
    used to indicate the greatest amount or degree of a quality
    The three most prominent factors probably relate to the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth.
  221. last
    coming after all others in time or space or degree or being the only one remaining
    A mathematician named MHutin Milankovitch discovered in the 1930s that the pattern of insolation, or sunlight, predicted by
    these eccentricities in the Earth's movement matched the period of the last several eras of
    intense glaciation.
  222. enter
    to come or go into
    Supporters have countered that the by-products :-eated by the dust as it vaporizes on entering the atmosphere cause subtle changes to the ~-e'~y ievels.
Created on 八月 28, 2010

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