• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
a figure of speech that suggests a non-literal similarity
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
an abstract or general idea inferred from specific instances
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are regarded a...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
the line indicating the limit or extent of something
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are regarded a...
marked by continuous modification or effective action
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are regarded a...
a representation of something, often on a smaller scale
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are regarded a...
all of something, including all of its elements or parts
• they all draw on the basic metaphor ‘of an adaptive whole, surviving over time in a changing environment’ (Checkland, 1981)
• they all deal with complex situations and issues
• they all draw on a range of key concepts – emergence, hierarchy, communication, control, inter-relationships, boundary, entrapment
• they are all processes that require rich understanding, are iterative, draw on multiple perspectives, move between levels, and make use of models and diagrams that are reg...
Created on 八月 30, 2010
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