Cargill+Adams

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

Although concordancing software is available which allows text to be searched for evidence of how particular language items are used, to date it has been used primarily either for research or for the development of language teaching materials.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

Corpus Presenter
3.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

This package is also ‘freeware’, making it an ideal choice for students.

One text was not assigned to such a folder: the text of The Wouldbegoods, a children’s story by Edith Nesbit, a non-copyright document which was retrieved from the online Guttenberg project.
[will insert bibliography of corpora (as per trials) here xxxx]

Trials
Initially, a trail session was held with students of applied linguistics at both Masters and PhD levels.

The texts were organised into four separate folders, each to represent a small, discipline-specific corpus.

A trial version can be downloaded from http://www.rjcw.freeserve.co.uk/concordance_software_download.htm, and purchase involves an online registration of the trial copy by credit card at http://www.rjcw.freeserve.co.uk/buynow.htm.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communication and ...

Initially, promotional material and reviews were located to limit the field to those packages which could be used in the described context.

The program is packaged as a book and CD-ROM and must be delivered by mail.

Purchase involves registration of this trial copy by downloading and completing the order form at http://www.oup.com/elt/global/catalogue/multimedia/order/.

Corpus Presenter
This package was written by Raymond Hickey of the Department of English, Essen University, and is published and sold by John Benjamins Publishing Company.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

MicroConcord is no longer available, however, and earlier reviews suggest it may not have been appropriate for this context because it operated under the old DOS system.

Initially, promotional material and reviews were located to limit the field to those packages which could be used in the described context.

In the case of journal articles, this most commonly involved a copy-and-paste operation to convert text from Portable Document Format (PDF) to the ASCII text format required by the software.

Researchers and postgraduate students who use English as an additional language (EAL) often struggle to gain command of the highly discipline-specific English they need to write and publish successfully.

Concordancing has been used for many years as a means of researching the structures and patterns of language usage, and more recently as a tool for developing materials to assist learners in the observation of these structures and patterns.

Web-based concordancers exist, but all seem to have severe limits — typically handling texts of about 1,500 words or less via a pasting operation, or limited to the use of sample texts provided on the web site .

It is published and sold by Oxford University Press, and the trial program must be downloaded from their site at http://www.oup.com/elt/global/catalogue/multimedia/demo/.

Investigation was limited to software written for the PC platform (as opposed to Macintosh) as this is the preferred platform of the University’s Information Technology Services, and is therefore the most readily available platform among the target user group.

Most of the material based on the use of this software peters out in the late 1990s.

The program is packaged as a book and CD-ROM and must be delivered by mail.

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

While the interest of the linguistics group was more focused on the discourse analysis functions of the software and on concordancing as a means of developing language teaching materials, the agricultural science group, not having these interests, focused on the capacity of the program as a self-help tool in further developing their own academic writing skills, as intended.

While some learning of the lexical tools would be required, most of the package is intuitively set out using standard Windows style.

Concentrating the search on packages that would minimise the secondary learning required, and would be operational within the intended operating environment, five packages were finally reviewed:
1.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

Researchers and postgraduate students who use English as an additional language (EAL) often struggle to gain command of the highly discipline-specific English they need to write and publish successfully.

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

Corpus Presenter
This package was written by Raymond Hickey of the Department of English, Essen University, and is published and sold by John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Although concordancing software is available which allows text to be searched for evidence of how particular language items are used, to date it has been used primarily either for research or for the development of language teaching materials.

Advice was sought from the University’s internal legal department in regard to the use of published and copyrighted texts for the intended purpose.

Current research at the University of Adelaide is investigating ways of further refining the use of the concordancing program as a tool for student use.

Corpus Presenter
This package was written by Raymond Hickey of the Department of English, Essen University, and is published and sold by John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Concordancing has been used for many years as a means of researching the structures and patterns of language usage, and more recently as a tool for developing materials to assist learners in the observation of these structures and patterns.

While the software itself is reported as being simple to use, most students, being young, have little or no experience with pre-Windows operating systems such as DOS and this would most likely add to the teaching/learning time required for successful operation.

The program is packaged as a book and CD-ROM and must be delivered by mail.

It also reports on preliminary trials designed to investigate the practicality and effectiveness of this approach for use by novice researchers and students.

Researchers and postgraduate students who use English as an additional language (EAL) often struggle to gain command of the highly discipline-specific English they need to write and publish successfully.

Corpus Presenter
This package was written by Raymond Hickey of the Department of English, Essen University, and is published and sold by John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Investigation was limited to software written for the PC platform (as opposed to Macintosh) as this is the preferred platform of the University’s Information Technology Services, and is therefore the most readily available platform among the target user group.

The intention was to test the response of a sample from the intended target group: students and researchers who are not linguists or language teachers, are unfamiliar with concordancing and are seeing it work for the first time.

ConcApp
ConcApp was authored by Chris Greaves, coordinator of the Hong Kong Virtual Language Centre.

ConcApp
ConcApp was authored by Chris Greaves, coordinator of the Hong Kong Virtual Language Centre.

Corpus Presenter
This package was written by Raymond Hickey of the Department of English, Essen University, and is published and sold by John Benjamins Publishing Company.

The texts were organised into four separate folders, each to represent a small, discipline-specific corpus.

Others describe concordancing as a means of shifting the computer assisted language learning paradigm from one of a process-control model to an information-resource model ‘in which learners explore the language for themselves and the role of instruction is to provide tools and resources for doing so’ (Cobb, online)

Tim Johns applies the term data driven learning (DDL) to the use of concordancing in individual consultations with EAL students, in which he used concordancing software to...

The development of concordancing software for use on personal computers has meant that the tool is now readily available and extremely fast in its output.

Web-based concordancers exist, but all seem to have severe limits — typically handling texts of about 1,500 words or less via a pasting operation, or limited to the use of sample texts provided on the web site .

Initially, promotional material and reviews were located to limit the field to those packages which could be used in the described context.

The work of Johns, Stevens and others has focused the use of this software on the teaching of structures and patterns within academic English for EAL students.

While some learning of the lexical tools would be required, most of the package is intuitively set out using standard Windows style.

Other means of payment can be arranged by contacting the author/publisher via email from either of these links.

The sample corpora allowed for searches within the texts of more than one discipline, providing opportunities for the investigation of possible differences.

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

The folders were named according to their discipline areas, except the politics folder, which was simply labelled ‘Articles’.

A trial version can be downloaded from http://www.rjcw.freeserve.co.uk/concordance_software_download.htm, and purchase involves an online registration of the trial copy by credit card at http://www.rjcw.freeserve.co.uk/buynow.htm.

While the interest of the linguistics group was more focused on the discourse analysis functions of the software and on concordancing as a means of developing language teaching materials, the agricultural science group, not having these interests, focused on the capacity of the program as a self-help tool in further developing their own academic writing skills, as intended.

Although concordancing software is available which allows text to be searched for evidence of how particular language items are used, to date it has been used primarily either for research or for the development of language teaching materials.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

The outcome of this was that the project was restricted to the use of material held or subscribed to by the University’s library, or contributed by academics if they held the copyright on the material contributed.

Researchers and postgraduate students who use English as an additional language (EAL) often struggle to gain command of the highly discipline-specific English they need to write and publish successfully.

Although concordancing software is available which allows text to be searched for evidence of how particular language items are used, to date it has been used primarily either for research or for the development of language teaching materials.

Review of Literature
Computer assisted language learning (CALL) has gone through several paradigm shifts over the past twenty five years, and while those shifts are well documented, they merely describe the mainstream views of computer use in the teaching and learning processes.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

While the interest of the linguistics group was more focused on the discourse analysis functions of the software and on concordancing as a means of developing language teaching materials, the agricultural science group, not having these interests, focused on the capacity of the program as a self-help tool in further developing their own academic writing skills, as intended.

Pressures on these organisations and individuals to provide quality learning opportunities, while lessening the burdens of time and cost on teaching and consulting staff, is increasing, and concordancing as a self-help tool may well provide such opportunities.

MonoConc Pro
5.

It is available for free download from the VLC web site at http://www.edict.com.hk/concordance/.

Oxford University Press discontinued the product in 1997 and an offered free download on another web site turned out to be an expired link.

While the interest of the linguistics group was more focused on the discourse analysis functions of the software and on concordancing as a means of developing language teaching materials, the agricultural science group, not having these interests, focused on the capacity of the program as a self-help tool in further developing their own academic writing skills, as intended.

Most of the material based on the use of this software peters out in the late 1990s.

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

ConcApp
ConcApp was authored by Chris Greaves, coordinator of the Hong Kong Virtual Language Centre.

Concentrating the search on packages that would minimise the secondary learning required, and would be operational within the intended operating environment, five packages were finally reviewed:
1.

The outcome of this was that the project was restricted to the use of material held or subscribed to by the University’s library, or contributed by academics if they held the copyright on the material contributed.

It also reports on preliminary trials designed to investigate the practicality and effectiveness of this approach for use by novice researchers and students.

While these students showed some interest in using the program for their own purposes in developing teaching materials and researching discourse features and language structures, there were no suggestions put forward that were of benefit to the current research. [you may want to chop this?

While he makes mention of concordancing, he sees this as part of communicative CALL, further describing it as an example of the computer as tool, as opposed to computer as tutor or computer as stimulus, typified by language learning software and content-based activities respectively.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

Originally, trails were conducted with students and researchers in the disciplines of applied linguistics and agricultural science.

The texts were organised into four separate folders, each to represent a small, discipline-specific corpus.

It also reports on preliminary trials designed to investigate the practicality and effectiveness of this approach for use by novice researchers and students.

Concentrating the search on packages that would minimise the secondary learning required, and would be operational within the intended operating environment, five packages were finally reviewed:
1.

ConcApp
Concordance
Concordance is published and sold directly by the author, R.J.C. Watt, Senior Lecturer in English at the University of Dundee.

Purchase involves registration of this trial copy by downloading and completing the order form at http://www.oup.com/elt/global/catalogue/multimedia/order/.

Web-based concordancers exist, but all seem to have severe limits — typically handling texts of about 1,500 words or less via a pasting operation, or limited to the use of sample texts provided on the web site .

The software has so far remained in the hands of language researchers and educators as a means of developing teaching materials or of demonstrating the ways in which language is used in various contexts.

The intention was to test the response of a sample from the intended target group: students and researchers who are not linguists or language teachers, are unfamiliar with concordancing and are seeing it work for the first time.

The work of Johns, Stevens and others has focused the use of this software on the teaching of structures and patterns within academic English for EAL students.

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

One text was not assigned to such a folder: the text of The Wouldbegoods, a children’s story by Edith Nesbit, a non-copyright document which was retrieved from the online Guttenberg project.
[will insert bibliography of corpora (as per trials) here xxxx]

Trials
Initially, a trail session was held with students of applied linguistics at both Masters and PhD levels.

Pressures on these organisations and individuals to provide quality learning opportunities, while lessening the burdens of time and cost on teaching and consulting staff, is increasing, and concordancing as a self-help tool may well provide such opportunities.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

The work of Johns, Stevens and others has focused the use of this software on the teaching of structures and patterns within academic English for EAL students.

ConcApp
Concordance
Concordance is published and sold directly by the author, R.J.C. Watt, Senior Lecturer in English at the University of Dundee.

One text was not assigned to such a folder: the text of The Wouldbegoods, a children’s story by Edith Nesbit, a non-copyright document which was retrieved from the online Guttenberg project.
[will insert bibliography of corpora (as per trials) here xxxx]

Trials
Initially, a trail session was held with students of applied linguistics at both Masters and PhD levels.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

Others describe concordancing as a means of shifting the computer assisted language learning paradigm from one of a process-control model to an information-resource model ‘in which learners explore the language for themselves and the role of instruction is to provide tools and resources for doing so’ (Cobb, online)

Tim Johns applies the term data driven learning (DDL) to the use of concordancing in individual consultations with EAL students, in which he used concordancing software to show s...

Although concordancing software is available which allows text to be searched for evidence of how particular language items are used, to date it has been used primarily either for research or for the development of language teaching materials.

Current research at the University of Adelaide is investigating ways of further refining the use of the concordancing program as a tool for student use.

It is published and sold by Oxford University Press, and the trial program must be downloaded from their site at http://www.oup.com/elt/global/catalogue/multimedia/demo/.

Oxford University Press discontinued the product in 1997 and an offered free download on another web site turned out to be an expired link.

In the case of journal articles, this most commonly involved a copy-and-paste operation to convert text from Portable Document Format (PDF) to the ASCII text format required by the software.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

A trial version can be downloaded from http://www.rjcw.freeserve.co.uk/concordance_software_download.htm, and purchase involves an online registration of the trial copy by credit card at http://www.rjcw.freeserve.co.uk/buynow.htm.

Most of the material based on the use of this software peters out in the late 1990s.

ConcApp
ConcApp was authored by Chris Greaves, coordinator of the Hong Kong Virtual Language Centre.

ConcApp
Concordance
Concordance is published and sold directly by the author, R.J.C. Watt, Senior Lecturer in English at the University of Dundee.

Finally, it introduces areas of continuing research in this field by the authors.

The development of concordancing software for use on personal computers has meant that the tool is now readily available and extremely fast in its output.

The work of Johns, Stevens and others has focused the use of this software on the teaching of structures and patterns within academic English for EAL students.

WordSmith Tools
WordSmith Tools was written by Mike Scott, course coordinator of English for Academic Purposes for international students at the University of Liverpool.

Other means of payment can be arranged by contacting the author/publisher via email from either of these links.

Researchers and postgraduate students who use English as an additional language (EAL) often struggle to gain command of the highly discipline-specific English they need to write and publish successfully.

While he makes mention of concordancing, he sees this as part of communicative CALL, further describing it as an example of the computer as tool, as opposed to computer as tutor or computer as stimulus, typified by language learning software and content-based activities respectively.

Concordancing has been used for many years as a means of researching the structures and patterns of language usage, and more recently as a tool for developing materials to assist learners in the observation of these structures and patterns.

It also reports on preliminary trials designed to investigate the practicality and effectiveness of this approach for use by novice researchers and students.

Each group had the most basic features of the software demonstrated in a computer laboratory in which an on-screen demonstration could be projected to all computers.

Current research at the University of Adelaide is investigating ways of further refining the use of the concordancing program as a tool for student use.

Corpus Presenter
This package was written by Raymond Hickey of the Department of English, Essen University, and is published and sold by John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Originally, trails were conducted with students and researchers in the disciplines of applied linguistics and agricultural science.

While the interest of the linguistics group was more focused on the discourse analysis functions of the software and on concordancing as a means of developing language teaching materials, the agricultural science group, not having these interests, focused on the capacity of the program as a self-help tool in further developing their own academic writing skills, as intended.

Initially, promotional material and reviews were located to limit the field to those packages which could be used in the described context.

Web-based concordancers exist, but all seem to have severe limits — typically handling texts of about 1,500 words or less via a pasting operation, or limited to the use of sample texts provided on the web site .

EAL students and researchers often face not only the challenges of general and academic English, but those of the terminologies and structures inherent in the language of their chosen disciplines.

Finally, it introduces areas of continuing research in this field by the authors.

Originally, trails were conducted with students and researchers in the disciplines of applied linguistics and agricultural science.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

While the software itself is reported as being simple to use, most students, being young, have little or no experience with pre-Windows operating systems such as DOS and this would most likely add to the teaching/learning time required for successful operation.

EAL students and researchers often face not only the challenges of general and academic English, but those of the terminologies and structures inherent in the language of their chosen disciplines.

Corpus Presenter is possibly the largest package of its type, consisting of a 292-page book and a CD-ROM containing 27 separate, but integrated programs, as well as a sample corpus of Irish English.

The outcome of this was that the project was restricted to the use of material held or subscribed to by the University’s library, or contributed by academics if they held the copyright on the material contributed.

Investigation was limited to software written for the PC platform (as opposed to Macintosh) as this is the preferred platform of the University’s Information Technology Services, and is therefore the most readily available platform among the target user group.

While these students showed some interest in using the program for their own purposes in developing teaching materials and researching discourse features and language structures, there were no suggestions put forward that were of benefit to the current research. [you may want to chop this?

Finally, it introduces areas of continuing research in this field by the authors.

ConcApp
Concordance
Concordance is published and sold directly by the author, R.J.C. Watt, Senior Lecturer in English at the University of Dundee.

Corpus Presenter is possibly the largest package of its type, consisting of a 292-page book and a CD-ROM containing 27 separate, but integrated programs, as well as a sample corpus of Irish English.

If this capacity can be confirmed by continued research, it has implications for instructors, schools and university departments engaged in the processes of refining the writing skills of EAL students who are intending to study, or are studying, at English language universities around the world, and those assisting EAL researchers who must publish their research in English language refereed journals.

The trial becomes fully functional when a supplied registration code is entered.

Researchers and postgraduate students who use English as an additional language (EAL) often struggle to gain command of the highly discipline-specific English they need to write and publish successfully.

As the title suggests, it is purely a concordancing tool, but provides a broad range of features and functions within the concordancing process.

WordSmith Tools
WordSmith Tools was written by Mike Scott, course coordinator of English for Academic Purposes for international students at the University of Liverpool.

While some learning of the lexical tools would be required, most of the package is intuitively set out using standard Windows style.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

Copyright restrictions surrounding corpus development (see below) would only have been further complicated by choosing software that also had copyright limitations and incurred cost, should students wish to install it on their own computers.

The software has so far remained in the hands of language researchers and educators as a means of developing teaching materials or of demonstrating the ways in which language is used in various contexts.

In the case of journal articles, this most commonly involved a copy-and-paste operation to convert text from Portable Document Format (PDF) to the ASCII text format required by the software.

Review of Literature
Computer assisted language learning (CALL) has gone through several paradigm shifts over the past twenty five years, and while those shifts are well documented, they merely describe the mainstream views of computer use in the teaching and learning processes.

One text was not assigned to such a folder: the text of The Wouldbegoods, a children’s story by Edith Nesbit, a non-copyright document which was retrieved from the online Guttenberg project.
[will insert bibliography of corpora (as per trials) here xxxx]

Trials
Initially, a trail session was held with students of applied linguistics at both Masters and PhD levels.

If this capacity can be confirmed by continued research, it has implications for instructors, schools and university departments engaged in the processes of refining the writing skills of EAL students who are intending to study, or are studying, at English language universities around the world, and those assisting EAL researchers who must publish their research in English language refereed journals.

Oxford University Press discontinued the product in 1997 and an offered free download on another web site turned out to be an expired link.

Others describe concordancing as a means of shifting the computer assisted language learning paradigm from one of a process-control model to an information-resource model ‘in which learners explore the language for themselves and the role of instruction is to provide tools and resources for doing so’ (Cobb, online)

Tim Johns applies the term data driven learning (DDL) to the use of concordancing in individual consultations with EAL students, in which he used concordancing software to show s...

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

Review of Literature
Computer assisted language learning (CALL) has gone through several paradigm shifts over the past twenty five years, and while those shifts are well documented, they merely describe the mainstream views of computer use in the teaching and learning processes.

Originally, trails were conducted with students and researchers in the disciplines of applied linguistics and agricultural science.

While the interest of the linguistics group was more focused on the discourse analysis functions of the software and on concordancing as a means of developing language teaching materials, the agricultural science group, not having these interests, focused on the capacity of the program as a self-help tool in further developing their own academic writing skills, as intended.

Pressures on these organisations and individuals to provide quality learning opportunities, while lessening the burdens of time and cost on teaching and consulting staff, is increasing, and concordancing as a self-help tool may well provide such opportunities.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

The outcome of this was that the project was restricted to the use of material held or subscribed to by the University’s library, or contributed by academics if they held the copyright on the material contributed.

Each group had the most basic features of the software demonstrated in a computer laboratory in which an on-screen demonstration could be projected to all computers.

Review of Literature
Computer assisted language learning (CALL) has gone through several paradigm shifts over the past twenty five years, and while those shifts are well documented, they merely describe the mainstream views of computer use in the teaching and learning processes.

Pressures on these organisations and individuals to provide quality learning opportunities, while lessening the burdens of time and cost on teaching and consulting staff, is increasing, and concordancing as a self-help tool may well provide such opportunities.

While some learning of the lexical tools would be required, most of the package is intuitively set out using standard Windows style.

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

The program is packaged as a book and CD-ROM and must be delivered by mail.

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

Pressures on these organisations and individuals to provide quality learning opportunities, while lessening the burdens of time and cost on teaching and consulting staff, is increasing, and concordancing as a self-help tool may well provide such opportunities.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

EAL students and researchers often face not only the challenges of general and academic English, but those of the terminologies and structures inherent in the language of their chosen disciplines.

WordSmith Tools
WordSmith Tools was written by Mike Scott, course coordinator of English for Academic Purposes for international students at the University of Liverpool.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

Other means of payment can be arranged by contacting the author/publisher via email from either of these links.

In the case of journal articles, one article per issue of each journal could be used, and in the case of books, one chapter of each could be used.

While the interest of the linguistics group was more focused on the discourse analysis functions of the software and on concordancing as a means of developing language teaching materials, the agricultural science group, not having these interests, focused on the capacity of the program as a self-help tool in further developing their own academic writing skills, as intended.

Oxford University Press discontinued the product in 1997 and an offered free download on another web site turned out to be an expired link.

There was also the restriction that the corpora developed in this way could only be made available to staff and students of the University of Adelaide.

If this capacity can be confirmed by continued research, it has implications for instructors, schools and university departments engaged in the processes of refining the writing skills of EAL students who are intending to study, or are studying, at English language universities around the world, and those assisting EAL researchers who must publish their research in English language refereed journals.

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

The intention was to test the response of a sample from the intended target group: students and researchers who are not linguists or language teachers, are unfamiliar with concordancing and are seeing it work for the first time.

Corpus Presenter is possibly the largest package of its type, consisting of a 292-page book and a CD-ROM containing 27 separate, but integrated programs, as well as a sample corpus of Irish English.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

A trial version can be downloaded from http://www.rjcw.freeserve.co.uk/concordance_software_download.htm, and purchase involves an online registration of the trial copy by credit card at http://www.rjcw.freeserve.co.uk/buynow.htm.

EAL students and researchers often face not only the challenges of general and academic English, but those of the terminologies and structures inherent in the language of their chosen disciplines.

EAL students and researchers often face not only the challenges of general and academic English, but those of the terminologies and structures inherent in the language of their chosen disciplines.

While he makes mention of concordancing, he sees this as part of communicative CALL, further describing it as an example of the computer as tool, as opposed to computer as tutor or computer as stimulus, typified by language learning software and content-based activities respectively.

It is available for free download from the VLC web site at http://www.edict.com.hk/concordance/.

Concordancing has been used for many years as a means of researching the structures and patterns of language usage, and more recently as a tool for developing materials to assist learners in the observation of these structures and patterns.

Others describe concordancing as a means of shifting the computer assisted language learning paradigm from one of a process-control model to an information-resource model ‘in which learners explore the language for themselves and the role of instruction is to provide tools and resources for doing so’ (Cobb, online)

Tim Johns applies the term data driven learning (DDL) to the use of concordancing in individual consultations with EAL students, in which he used concordancing software to...

Researchers and postgraduate students who use English as an additional language (EAL) often struggle to gain command of the highly discipline-specific English they need to write and publish successfully.

MicroConcord is no longer available, however, and earlier reviews suggest it may not have been appropriate for this context because it operated under the old DOS system.

If this capacity can be confirmed by continued research, it has implications for instructors, schools and university departments engaged in the processes of refining the writing skills of EAL students who are intending to study, or are studying, at English language universities around the world, and those assisting EAL researchers who must publish their research in English language refereed journals.

Although concordancing software is available which allows text to be searched for evidence of how particular language items are used, to date it has been used primarily either for research or for the development of language teaching materials.

Investigation was limited to software written for the PC platform (as opposed to Macintosh) as this is the preferred platform of the University’s Information Technology Services, and is therefore the most readily available platform among the target user group.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

The study aims to ultimately develop discipline-specific corpora, allowing students to conduct text searches on the basis of individual language learning needs.

Web-based concordancers exist, but all seem to have severe limits — typically handling texts of about 1,500 words or less via a pasting operation, or limited to the use of sample texts provided on the web site .

The study aims to ultimately develop discipline-specific corpora, allowing students to conduct text searches on the basis of individual language learning needs.

The trial becomes fully functional when a supplied registration code is entered.

While the software itself is reported as being simple to use, most students, being young, have little or no experience with pre-Windows operating systems such as DOS and this would most likely add to the teaching/learning time required for successful operation.

Each corpus consisted of a small collection of journal articles, some sourced from online electronic journals accessible through the University of Adelaide’s Barr Smith Library and others contributed by academic staff within the University.

Most of the material based on the use of this software peters out in the late 1990s.

Initially, promotional material and reviews were located to limit the field to those packages which could be used in the described context.

Advice was sought from the University’s internal legal department in regard to the use of published and copyrighted texts for the intended purpose.

Others describe concordancing as a means of shifting the computer assisted language learning paradigm from one of a process-control model to an information-resource model ‘in which learners explore the language for themselves and the role of instruction is to provide tools and resources for doing so’ (Cobb, online)

Tim Johns applies the term data driven learning (DDL) to the use of concordancing in individual consultations with EAL students, in which he used concordancing software to show s...

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

The intention was to test the response of a sample from the intended target group: students and researchers who are not linguists or language teachers, are unfamiliar with concordancing and are seeing it work for the first time.

The participants then had the opportunity to use the software, with some guidance and with the aid of printed instructions.

Concordancing has been used for many years as a means of researching the structures and patterns of language usage, and more recently as a tool for developing materials to assist learners in the observation of these structures and patterns.

Review of Literature
Computer assisted language learning (CALL) has gone through several paradigm shifts over the past twenty five years, and while those shifts are well documented, they merely describe the mainstream views of computer use in the teaching and learning processes.

ConcApp proved to be a simple, lightweight program that would be easy to learn and use, while retaining a good range of options for the student.

While the interest of the linguistics group was more focused on the discourse analysis functions of the software and on concordancing as a means of developing language teaching materials, the agricultural science group, not having these interests, focused on the capacity of the program as a self-help tool in further developing their own academic writing skills, as intended.

Although concordancing software is available which allows text to be searched for evidence of how particular language items are used, to date it has been used primarily either for research or for the development of language teaching materials.

Others describe concordancing as a means of shifting the computer assisted language learning paradigm from one of a process-control model to an information-resource model ‘in which learners explore the language for themselves and the role of instruction is to provide tools and resources for doing so’ (Cobb, online)

Tim Johns applies the term data driven learning (DDL) to the use of concordancing in individual consultations with EAL students, in which he used concordancing software to show s...

Web-based concordancers exist, but all seem to have severe limits — typically handling texts of about 1,500 words or less via a pasting operation, or limited to the use of sample texts provided on the web site .

Corpus Presenter is possibly the largest package of its type, consisting of a 292-page book and a CD-ROM containing 27 separate, but integrated programs, as well as a sample corpus of Irish English.

Concordancers are usually written for language researchers and often tend to be complex in their operation.

Others describe concordancing as a means of shifting the computer assisted language learning paradigm from one of a process-control model to an information-resource model ‘in which learners explore the language for themselves and the role of instruction is to provide tools and resources for doing so’ (Cobb, online)

Tim Johns applies the term data driven learning (DDL) to the use of concordancing in individual consultations with EAL students, in which he used concordancing software to...

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

Each corpus consisted of a small collection of journal articles, some sourced from online electronic journals accessible through the University of Adelaide’s Barr Smith Library and others contributed by academic staff within the University.

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

The folders were named according to their discipline areas, except the politics folder, which was simply labelled ‘Articles’.

The need for discipline-specific corpora necessitated the development of an entirely new set of corpora for the research to proceed.

MicroConcord is no longer available, however, and earlier reviews suggest it may not have been appropriate for this context because it operated under the old DOS system.

Oxford University Press discontinued the product in 1997 and an offered free download on another web site turned out to be an expired link.

Consequently, this package could be overwhelming, and possibly presents the greatest challenge and training requirement for ESL students.

It would, however be an excellent research tool for language specialists, as it has more text analysis functions available than other software in the field.

The software has so far remained in the hands of language researchers and educators as a means of developing teaching materials or of demonstrating the ways in which language is used in various contexts.

As its title suggests, this package is designed for the production of documents derived from working with corpora.

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

The intention was to test the response of a sample from the intended target group: students and researchers who are not linguists or language teachers, are unfamiliar with concordancing and are seeing it work for the first time.

A trial, which is only a ‘light’ version of the original, can be downloaded from the author’s site at http://www.uni-essen.de/~lan300/corpus_presenter.htm, but the full version must be purchased from the publisher at http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=Z_122.

While some learning of the lexical tools would be required, most of the package is intuitively set out using standard Windows style.

The software has so far remained in the hands of language researchers and educators as a means of developing teaching materials or of demonstrating the ways in which language is used in various contexts.

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

Copyright restrictions surrounding corpus development (see below) would only have been further complicated by choosing software that also had copyright limitations and incurred cost, should students wish to install it on their own computers.

ConcApp proved to be a simple, lightweight program that would be easy to learn and use, while retaining a good range of options for the student.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

Pressures on these organisations and individuals to provide quality learning opportunities, while lessening the burdens of time and cost on teaching and consulting staff, is increasing, and concordancing as a self-help tool may well provide such opportunities.

Pressures on these organisations and individuals to provide quality learning opportunities, while lessening the burdens of time and cost on teaching and consulting staff, is increasing, and concordancing as a self-help tool may well provide such opportunities.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

Others describe concordancing as a means of shifting the computer assisted language learning paradigm from one of a process-control model to an information-resource model ‘in which learners explore the language for themselves and the role of instruction is to provide tools and resources for doing so’ (Cobb, online)

Tim Johns applies the term data driven learning (DDL) to the use of concordancing in individual consultations with EAL students, in which he used concordancing software to sho...

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communication and ...

One text was not assigned to such a folder: the text of The Wouldbegoods, a children’s story by Edith Nesbit, a non-copyright document which was retrieved from the online Guttenberg project.
[will insert bibliography of corpora (as per trials) here xxxx]

Trials
Initially, a trail session was held with students of applied linguistics at both Masters and PhD levels.

The trial becomes fully functional when a supplied registration code is entered.

Other means of payment can be arranged by contacting the author/publisher via email from either of these links.

The concordancing functions seem to take a back seat to the many other features, and in this area the package is not as flexible and functional as others like Concordance or WordSmith Tools.

The intention was to demonstrate the software to a group with an interest in language, language teaching and language research, in the hope of gleaning insights and suggestions beyond the initial guidelines of the project.

If this capacity can be confirmed by continued research, it has implications for instructors, schools and university departments engaged in the processes of refining the writing skills of EAL students who are intending to study, or are studying, at English language universities around the world, and those assisting EAL researchers who must publish their research in English language refereed journals.

MicroConcord is no longer available, however, and earlier reviews suggest it may not have been appropriate for this context because it operated under the old DOS system.

The author also provides a downloadable British National Corpus for use with WordSmith.

The folders were named according to their discipline areas, except the politics folder, which was simply labelled ‘Articles’.

‘In this role, the programs do not necessarily provide any language material at all, but rather empower the learner to use or understand language’ (Warschauer, 1996).

Most of the material based on the use of this software peters out in the late 1990s.

Concordancing has been used for many years as a means of researching the structures and patterns of language usage, and more recently as a tool for developing materials to assist learners in the observation of these structures and patterns.

Review of Literature
Computer assisted language learning (CALL) has gone through several paradigm shifts over the past twenty five years, and while those shifts are well documented, they merely describe the mainstream views of computer use in the teaching and learning processes.

Pressures on these organisations and individuals to provide quality learning opportunities, while lessening the burdens of time and cost on teaching and consulting staff, is increasing, and concordancing as a self-help tool may well provide such opportunities.

Web-based concordancers exist, but all seem to have severe limits — typically handling texts of about 1,500 words or less via a pasting operation, or limited to the use of sample texts provided on the web site .

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

It is possible that it is still used by some researchers, but it was most likely purchased some time ago.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

While the software itself is reported as being simple to use, most students, being young, have little or no experience with pre-Windows operating systems such as DOS and this would most likely add to the teaching/learning time required for successful operation.

Review of Literature
Computer assisted language learning (CALL) has gone through several paradigm shifts over the past twenty five years, and while those shifts are well documented, they merely describe the mainstream views of computer use in the teaching and learning processes.

While some learning of the lexical tools would be required, most of the package is intuitively set out using standard Windows style.

Corpus Presenter is possibly the largest package of its type, consisting of a 292-page book and a CD-ROM containing 27 separate, but integrated programs, as well as a sample corpus of Irish English.

A note on MicroConcord
There is a large body of research available on the Internet which cites MicroConcord as the tool behind the investigations.

While he makes mention of concordancing, he sees this as part of communicative CALL, further describing it as an example of the computer as tool, as opposed to computer as tutor or computer as stimulus, typified by language learning software and content-based activities respectively.

Oxford University Press discontinued the product in 1997 and an offered free download on another web site turned out to be an expired link.

He applies the term kibbitzing to the overall process, borrowing a word used to describe the practice of novice chess players watching over the shoulders of masters in the chess clubs of Europe ….. xxxxx

The work of David Lee (2001) gives some insight into the complex tasks of selecting and sorting texts for use in corpora that are intended to demonstrate examples of usage across a range of discipline areas and across a range of writers within each discipline area.

A note on MicroConcord
There is a large body of research available on the Internet which cites MicroConcord as the tool behind the investigations.

Review of Literature
Computer assisted language learning (CALL) has gone through several paradigm shifts over the past twenty five years, and while those shifts are well documented, they merely describe the mainstream views of computer use in the teaching and learning processes.

This package is also ‘freeware’, making it an ideal choice for students.

If this capacity can be confirmed by continued research, it has implications for instructors, schools and university departments engaged in the processes of refining the writing skills of EAL students who are intending to study, or are studying, at English language universities around the world, and those assisting EAL researchers who must publish their research in English language refereed journals.

After reviewing the above packages in the light of the intended purpose, ConcApp was chosen as the software to proceed with.

Review of Literature
Computer assisted language learning (CALL) has gone through several paradigm shifts over the past twenty five years, and while those shifts are well documented, they merely describe the mainstream views of computer use in the teaching and learning processes.

If this capacity can be confirmed by continued research, it has implications for instructors, schools and university departments engaged in the processes of refining the writing skills of EAL students who are intending to study, or are studying, at English language universities around the world, and those assisting EAL researchers who must publish their research in English language refereed journals.

A note on MicroConcord
There is a large body of research available on the Internet which cites MicroConcord as the tool behind the investigations.

Corpus Presenter
This package was written by Raymond Hickey of the Department of English, Essen University, and is published and sold by John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Methodology

Software
The first phase of this research involved the identification of appropriate software and the development of trial corpora.

They also often tend to use jargon known only to linguists and language specialists, potentially adding to the training necessary for students to grasp the use of the software.

Also, the sample corpus would have little relevance for the target user group.

I like it – it tells me something about the perspective of the ‘expert’ vs that of the ‘novice’ xxxx]
The second trial was held with a group of EAL PhD students and researchers, predominantly from the discipline of agricultural science, but including others from science disciplines.

‘In this role, the programs do not necessarily provide any language material at all, but rather empower the learner to use or understand language’ (Warschauer, 1996).

A trial, which is only a ‘light’ version of the original, can be downloaded from the author’s site at http://www.uni-essen.de/~lan300/corpus_presenter.htm, but the full version must be purchased from the publisher at http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=Z_122.

Copyright restrictions surrounding corpus development (see below) would only have been further complicated by choosing software that also had copyright limitations and incurred cost, should students wish to install it on their own computers.

These views appear to parallel the dominant views within pedagogical circles at any given time.

These views appear to parallel the dominant views within pedagogical circles at any given time.

Concordancing has been used for many years as a means of researching the structures and patterns of language usage, and more recently as a tool for developing materials to assist learners in the observation of these structures and patterns.

Oxford University Press discontinued the product in 1997 and an offered free download on another web site turned out to be an expired link.

These views appear to parallel the dominant views within pedagogical circles at any given time.

The software has so far remained in the hands of language researchers and educators as a means of developing teaching materials or of demonstrating the ways in which language is used in various contexts.

The sample corpora allowed for searches within the texts of more than one discipline, providing opportunities for the investigation of possible differences.

The concordancing functions seem to take a back seat to the many other features, and in this area the package is not as flexible and functional as others like Concordance or WordSmith Tools.

Web-based concordancers exist, but all seem to have severe limits — typically handling texts of about 1,500 words or less via a pasting operation, or limited to the use of sample texts provided on the web site .

The intention was to demonstrate the software to a group with an interest in language, language teaching and language research, in the hope of gleaning insights and suggestions beyond the initial guidelines of the project.

The texts were organised into four separate folders, each to represent a small, discipline-specific corpus.

WordSmith Tools
WordSmith Tools was written by Mike Scott, course coordinator of English for Academic Purposes for international students at the University of Liverpool.

‘In this role, the programs do not necessarily provide any language material at all, but rather empower the learner to use or understand language’ (Warschauer, 1996).

This paper firstly identifies a freely available concordancing program which is simple and functional enough for EAL researchers and students to use themselves, with appropriate training and guidance, to provide the data they need to drive their own ongoing language learning using journal articles from their own disciplines.

Purchase involves registration of this trial copy by downloading and completing the order form at http://www.oup.com/elt/global/catalogue/multimedia/order/.

Introduction
International students enrol in a wide variety of academic disciplines at English language universities, and many are involved in high level research, requiring the output of theses, the publication of works in English language refereed literature or both.

The software has so far remained in the hands of language researchers and educators as a means of developing teaching materials or of demonstrating the ways in which language is used in various contexts.

While the software itself is reported as being simple to use, most students, being young, have little or no experience with pre-Windows operating systems such as DOS and this would most likely add to the teaching/learning time required for successful operation.

While these students showed some interest in using the program for their own purposes in developing teaching materials and researching discourse features and language structures, there were no suggestions put forward that were of benefit to the current research. [you may want to chop this?

While these students showed some interest in using the program for their own purposes in developing teaching materials and researching discourse features and language structures, there were no suggestions put forward that were of benefit to the current research. [you may want to chop this?

The folders were named according to their discipline areas, except the politics folder, which was simply labelled ‘Articles’.

EAL students and researchers often face not only the challenges of general and academic English, but those of the terminologies and structures inherent in the language of their chosen disciplines.

Oxford University Press discontinued the product in 1997 and an offered free download on another web site turned out to be an expired link.

The need for discipline-specific corpora necessitated the development of an entirely new set of corpora for the research to proceed.

One text was not assigned to such a folder: the text of The Wouldbegoods, a children’s story by Edith Nesbit, a non-copyright document which was retrieved from the online Guttenberg project.
[will insert bibliography of corpora (as per trials) here xxxx]

Trials
Initially, a trail session was held with students of applied linguistics at both Masters and PhD levels.

While he makes mention of concordancing, he sees this as part of communicative CALL, further describing it as an example of the computer as tool, as opposed to computer as tutor or computer as stimulus, typified by language learning software and content-based activities respectively.

Oxford University Press discontinued the product in 1997 and an offered free download on another web site turned out to be an expired link.

Warschauer (1996) describes ‘three phases of CALL’ and parallels the phases with both the teaching practices and technological developments of their respective timeframes: behaviouristic CALL at a time when computers were mostly mainframe machines and programming techniques lent themselves only to basic drill-and-practice exercises made available on a network; communicative CALL at a time when smaller, networked and individual machines allowed the use of both interpersonal communicati...

MicroConcord is no longer available, however, and earlier reviews suggest it may not have been appropriate for this context because it operated under the old DOS system.

If this capacity can be confirmed by continued research, it has implications for instructors, schools and university departments engaged in the processes of refining the writing skills of EAL students who are intending to study, or are studying, at English language universities around the world, and those assisting EAL researchers who must publish their research in English language refereed journals.

It is possible that it is still used by some researchers, but it was most likely purchased some time ago.

The concordancing functions seem to take a back seat to the many other features, and in this area the package is not as flexible and functional as others like Concordance or WordSmith Tools.

MicroConcord is no longer available, however, and earlier reviews suggest it may not have been appropriate for this context because it operated under the old DOS system.

I like it – it tells me something about the perspective of the ‘expert’ vs that of the ‘novice’ xxxx]
The second trial was held with a group of EAL PhD students and researchers, predominantly from the discipline of agricultural science, but including others from science disciplines.

The software has so far remained in the hands of language researchers and educators as a means of developing teaching materials or of demonstrating the ways in which language is used in various contexts.

ConcApp proved to be a simple, lightweight program that would be easy to learn and use, while retaining a good range of options for the student.

After reviewing the above packages in the light of the intended purpose, ConcApp was chosen as the software to proceed with.

The development of concordancing software for use on personal computers has meant that the tool is now readily available and extremely fast in its output.

The participants then had the opportunity to use the software, with some guidance and with the aid of printed instructions.

The concordancing functions seem to take a back seat to the many other features, and in this area the package is not as flexible and functional as others like Concordance or WordSmith Tools.

They also often tend to use jargon known only to linguists and language specialists, potentially adding to the training necessary for students to grasp the use of the software.

One text was not assigned to such a folder: the text of The Wouldbegoods, a children’s story by Edith Nesbit, a non-copyright document which was retrieved from the online Guttenberg project.
[will insert bibliography of corpora (as per trials) here xxxx]

Trials
Initially, a trail session was held with students of applied linguistics at both Masters and PhD levels.