criminal law

fcommonlaw penal code substantive law civil law procedural law tort precedent stare decisis case law infraction offense strict liability motive concurrence expost facto punishment malice tazir crime hudud crime islamic law alibi justification excuse consent necessity provocation insanity diminished capacity entrapment alter ego rule self-defense concocted prejudice jurisprudence felony misdemeanor law element espionage treason attendant circumstances mental incompetence incompetent conviction defendent mistake enforcement intent excessive lawful reasonable attack convicted force defenses system trial committed crime claims engaged individual facts literally body prosecution hence agency evidence establish serious charged legally manslaughter violation willful accumulated receive requirements additional sentence intended concept constitute notion primarily lascivious degree years indicating motive accident complex evidence guilt person immoral conspiracy upheld antistalking agreement ar